This work presents a time-domain protection solution based on integrated quantities. In order to provide a deterministic differential protection method, two algorithms that use voltage and current samples to estimate energy flow and reactive power entering a protection zone are used. The algorithms work by integrating time-domain measurements and generated signals in order to achieve stable quantities that are afterwards used for protection. After the description of the differential fault identification method, a phase selection scheme is presented in order to provide a complete protection solution. The proposed system was extensively tested on simulations based on data from five actual transmission lines, the power systems were simulated using ATP/EMTP and the protection was implemented using GNU Octave software. Thousands of cases were generated using automation scripts in order to validate the protection algorithms. The work also describes the conducted sensitivity test, which includes current transformer saturation, and unsynchronized measurements. The proposed solution proved itself secure and dependable under the tested conditions.

This article focuses on validating a time‐domain power system protection solution, based on energy and reactive power algorithms, through simulations using hardware‐in‐the‐loop. The results are compared against a commercial, off‐the‐shelf, intelligent electronic device. The developed protection algorithms are briefly described, followed by the description of the hardware platform responsible for its practical execution and the description of the applied tests. The obtained results show significant advantages on response times when compared to traditional protection, and the ability to securely identify delicate internal transformer faults, even during inrush condition.

This document outlines a comprehensive dataset for testing transmission line protection algorithms. The dataset consists of simulation scenarios for an actual 500 kV power system implemented in the Alternative Transients Program that features five buses. One of these buses has a conventional synchronous machine-based generation, specifically a 2 GW nuclear power plant, and another a wind farm based on doubly-fed induction generators with an installed capacity of 300 MW. The remaining buses are modeled as Thévenin equivalents, each with different single-phase and three-phase fault levels. The five buses are interconnected in a ring configuration by double-circuit transmission lines, modeled with the Bergeron model. This dataset allows testing protection algorithms for the line connecting the wind farm to the nuclear power plant. Instrument transformers, including current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers, are included at both terminals of this line. The instrument transformers are designed based on existing equipment data and the current transformers feature saturation curves. The dataset comprises files containing primary and secondary phase voltage and line current signals for various fault scenarios. These scenarios differ in terms of fault location, inception angle, fault resistance, transmission system topology at the time of the fault, noise in secondary signals, and communication channel asymmetry between the two terminals of the transmission line. Each simulation scenario is provided in a separate file, allowing for thoroughly testing line protection schemes under realistic operational conditions.