Propolis contains polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenols that are able to demonstrate a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, and many more. This study was carried out to determine the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of water-extracted propolis samples from three different Indo-Malayan stingless bee species, namely, Tetrigona apicalis, Tetrigona binghami, and Homotrigona fimbriata. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated using FolinCiocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively, while the antioxidant activity was analysed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Results indicated that H. fimbriata extracts exhibit the highest TPC, TFC, and antiradical activity among all samples tested. Interestingly, the data also showed that the higher the concentration of the extract used, the higher the antioxidant activity exhibited by the samples. Statistically, there were no significant differences recorded between the different bee species propolis studied. In conclusion, the propolis extracts showed stronger antioxidant potential with higher TPC and TFC values. This study also noted the presence of bioactive compounds from local stingless bee propolis that could potentially be utilised for their medicinal and health benefits.

Heavy metals are major pollutants in tourist cities due to transportation and urbanization. This study aimed to assess heavy metal concentrations using transplanted lichen in tourist cities. The project was conducted in Malacca, Malaysia, using transplanted Usnea misaminensis lichen at ten sampling stations. After one month, these lichen samples were collected and heavy metal analysis was carried out in a lab using ICP-MS. Other factors, such as the number of vehicles, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, were also recorded. The results indicated that the heavy metal concentrations in Malacca were higher than at the control station. The ranking of heavy metal concentrations in the study areas was Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu. Furthermore, a positive correlation was also found between the number of vehicles and temperature with the heavy metal concentrations determined within the study areas, while relative humidity and wind speed showed a negative correlation with the heavy metal concentrations detected. The usage of lichens to observe and monitor the chemical compositions in the atmosphere is considered to be relevant these days because they allow for long-term data from the ecosystem to be obtained due to their long life span. This research also emphasizes the need for a better plan for Malacca. Local authorities need to re-plan and redesign Malacca to ensure that pollutants can be flushed out, the city looks greener and cooler, and more non-motor vehicles are used as public transport.

The job embeddedness (JE) theory has gained popularity for explaining how individuals' links to their administrations impact organizational commitment (OM). In academia, university teachers have an important role in molding educational outcomes, but their service to the institution is neglected. The purpose of this research is to examine how JE affects university teachers' OM and intention to leave their jobs. Data were gathered from 300 university teachers via survey questionnaires. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized in this research to assess five hypotheses involving JE, organizational fit (OF), social and professional links (SPL), and perceived sacrifice (PS) as independent variables, with organizational commitment level (OCL) and turnover intention (TI) as dependent variables and combined effect (CE) as moderate. The data was analyzed with SPSS software version 29, and the connections between variables were assessed using both measurement and structural models. The findings indicate that increasing JE considerably increases OML among university professors, with OF and SPL having major positive effects. Furthermore, PS is shown to lower TI, and the combined effect of the OF considerably reduces TI more than each factor. This research emphasizes the significance of developing good OF and social relationships in increasing university teachers' assurance of the university