Self-powered sensor development is moving towards miniaturization and requires a suitable power source for its operation. The piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) is a potential candidate to act as a partial solution to suppress the burgeoning energy demand. The present work is focused on the development of the PENG based on flexible polymer-ceramic composite films. The X-ray spectra suggest that the BTO particles have tetragonal symmetry and the PVDF-BTO composite films (CF) have a mixed phase. The dielectric constant increases with the introduction of the particles in the PVDF polymer and the loss of the CF is much less for all compositions. The BTO particles have a wide structural diversity and are lead-free, which can be further employed to make a CF. An attempt was made to design a robust, scalable, and cost-effective piezoelectric nanogenerator based on the PVDF-BTO CFs. The solvent casting route was a facile approach, with respect to spin coating, electrospinning, or sonication routes. The introduction of the BTO particles into PVDF enhanced the dielectric constant and polarization of the composite film. Furthermore, the single-layered device output could be increased by strategies such as internal polarization amplification, which was confirmed with the help of the polarization-electric field loop of the PVDF-BTO composite film. The piezoelectric nanogenerator with 10 wt% BTO-PVDF CF gives a high electrical output of voltage 7.2 V, current 38 nA, and power density of 0.8 μW/cm² at 100 MΩ. Finally, the energy harvesting using the fabricated PENG is done by various actives like coin dropping, under air blowing, and finger tapping. Finally, low-power electronics such as calculator is successfully powered by charging a 10 μF capacitor using the PENG device.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have recently attracted extensive attention from academia and industry as a promising approach for energy harvesting. This work entails a detailed study of the NiO–Ti reduction process to synthesize NiO–Ni–TiO₂ nanocomposites, with structural, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties investigated to unveil the NiO reduction process to develop three-phase composites. Room temperature and high-temperature magnetic analyses revealed a robust ferromagnetic nature that was strongly correlated with the overall properties of nanocomposites. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis was employed to analyze the enhanced magnetic properties and charge accumulation. The synthesized nanocomposites showed a dielectric permittivity of ∼298 and a very low loss factor of ∼0.098 at 1 MHz. The surface polarity of 769 mV substantiated their successful utilization in enhancing the performance of an as-fabricated TENG, paving the way for the extension of new potential materials in the conventional triboelectric series. The electrical polarization and magnetization cumulatively contributed to improving the triboelectric performance. A 3D-printed eye-shaped vertical contact TENG was fabricated and delivered 60 V and 600 nA output, which could be enhanced by the use of multi-TENG units. The stable output for an extended period was further applied to charge the capacitors and could efficiently harvest energies from stomping and jumping motions.