Debt structure composition is an essential topic of discussion for the management of capital structure decisions. Researchers made extensive efforts to understand the criteria for selecting debts, specifically, to know about the reasons for debt specialization, concealed in identifying its predictors. This question is essential not only for establishing the field of debt structure but also for the financial managers to design corporate financial strategy in a way that leads to attaining an optimal debt structure. Sophisticated financial modeling is applied to identify the core predictors of debt specialization, influencing the strategic choices of optimal debt structure to address this issue. Data were collected from 419 non-financial companies listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2015. This study has validated debt specialization by showing that short-term debts maintain their position over the years and remain the most popular type of loan among Pakistani firms. Further, it provides a comprehensive view of the cross-sectional differences among the firms involved in debt specialization by applying a holistic approach. Results show that small, growing, dividend-paying companies, having high expense and risk ratios, followed the debt specialization strategy. This strategy enables firms to reduce their agency conflicts, transaction costs, information asymmetry, risk management and building up their good market reputation. Conclusively, we have identified the gross profit margin, long-term debt to asset ratio, firm size, age, asset tangibility, and long-term industry debt to asset ratio as reliable and core predictors of debt specialization for sustainable business growth.

Accounting conservatism (AC) is one of the components of financial reporting, and has been widely studied by academicians to identify its impact on information quality. Scholars in accounting have started to explore how AC is related to different fundamental functional areas of organizations. The interest of the scholars has resulted in an increasing number of publications in this field. In this study, we examined 408 indexed publications related to AC. This work’s objectives include analyzing the regional distribution, size, and evolution of this knowledge base by identifying key authors, documents, and journals while exploring current literature, scholarly structure, and highlighting contemporary trends. The findings of the study concluded that most of the studies are conducted in developed nations contexts. However, there are still areas that need further exploration to obtain more profound insights on the subject. This bibliometric review inspires a new generation of researchers on the topic by giving them an overview of the past studies related to AC.

This empirical study assesses the effect of CO₂ emissions, urbanization, energy consumption, and agriculture on Thailand’s economic growth using a dataset between 1970 and 2018. The ARDL and the frequency domain causality (FDC) approaches were applied to assess these interconnections. The outcome of the bounds test suggested a long-term association among the variables of investigation. The ARDL outcomes reveal that urbanization, agriculture, energy consumption, and CO₂ emissions positively trigger Thailand’s economic growth. Additionally, the frequency domain causality test was used to detect a causal connection between the series. The main benefit of this technique is that it can detect a causal connection between series at different frequencies. To the understanding of the authors, this is the first study in the case of Thailand that will apply the FDC approach to capture the causal linkage between GDP and the regressors. The outcomes of the causality test suggested that CO₂ emissions, urbanization, energy consumption, and agriculture can predict Thailand’s economic growth in the long term. These outcomes have far-reaching implications for economic performance and Thailand’s macroeconomic indicators.

The purpose of this study is to determine the mutual influence of financial security on the textile enterprises development level. The proposed methodological approach is based on the formation of an integrated financial security indicator and its regression model. The study is based on 16 textile enterprises in the European Union. Integral indicators on capital structure, current financing sufficiency and financial efficiency of the investigated enterprises have been defined according to the rapid diagnostics of financial provision of the textile enterprises. The state of financial support for the studied companies’ development has been evaluated. It has been established that the development of textile enterprises depends to a large extent on their financial support as a whole. The change in the development level of companies depends substantially on the change in the integrated indicator of their financial provision. In particular, textile enterprises’ development is significantly affected by the capital structure and the predominance of equity in it, as well as current financing. The financial efficiency factors taken into account do not have a significant impact on the development of textile enterprises. This study proposes a financial security model, developed by partial integrated indicators. It enables visual comparison, collation of the capital structure state, current financing and financial efficiency of the studied enterprises with optimal value.

The aim of this study was to highlight the effect of corporate philanthropy (CP) on consumer patronage behavior. For this purpose, reciprocity was taken as the key mechanism which determines consumers’ willingness to participate in and buy goods or services of a company performing philanthropic activities. The moderating effect of trust and vicarious licensing was also studied. Considering the importance of CP to society and its residents, it is essential to recognize its effect on consumer patronage behavior. To accomplish this objective, data were collected from 340 respondents via a questionnaire. The results of this research revealed that reciprocity shows a statistically significantly positive association with both participation intention (R = 0.729, R² = 0.531, p = 0.000, b = 0.740) and purchasing intention (R = 0.71, R² = 0.534, p = 0.000, b = 0.878). Similarly, trust strengthens the relationship of reciprocity with both participation intention (b = 0.250) and purchasing intention (b = 0.310). However, vicarious licensing weakens the relationship of reciprocity with both participation intention (b = −0.175) and purchasing intention (b = −0.187). The mediation effect of participation intention was also examined in this study. The results of this research will contribute to the benefit of society, since philanthropy plays a vital role in society’s progress. The greater response of consumers towards companies performing philanthropic activities justifies the importance of CP.

Recently, debt structure research has started focusing on the strategic perspective of financing choices, particularly to understand the reasons for debt specialization (DS). This paper examines trends of specialization over time and industry by using a comprehensive dataset on types of debt employed by the public limited companies during 2009–2018. The objective of the current study is to analyze the effect of debt market conditions by identifying significant predictors of DS. Time-series and cross-sectional results confirm the existence of DS, which is further validated by the findings of the cluster analysis. The empirical results indicate that overall, 61% of the companies solely rely on a single type of debt, mostly on short-term obligations accompanied by long-term secured and other debts. Moreover, small, mature, rated, group-affiliated, and low-leverage companies incline more towards this strategy. Credit rating, debt maturity, financial and interest coverage ratios serve as the primary determinants of the debt market that are significantly associated with the measures of DS. The results contribute to the capital structure literature by specifying that financing choice has an important implication in deciding the debt structure composition of the organizations.