Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic. We examined the KAP’s relationship with factors associated with practice toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted between March and April 2020 and included 1033 participants. Knowledge scores of COVID-19 were positively associated with wearing a mask when leaving home (odds ratio (OR): 1.22, p < 0.05). Although men had a lower knowledge score, they were less likely to go to a crowded place compared with women (OR: 0.79, p < 0.05). However, women (OR: 1.25, p < 0.05) were more likely than men to wear a mask when leaving home. Furthermore, men (OR: 3.32, p < 0.05) were more likely than women to have a positive attitude toward COVID-19. Indonesian residents had satisfactory knowledge, demonstrated a positive attitude, and followed appropriate practices toward the pandemic. More educated individuals had a more positive attitude. Men and women differed with respect to their knowledge-based practices. Men were less likely to go to crowded places, and women were more likely to wear a mask when leaving home. Furthermore, men were more likely to wear a mask when leaving home than women when men had the attitude that Indonesia can win against COVID-19.

Stroke is the third most common cause of disability worldwide. In order to effectively study the disability status experienced by stroke survivors, it is important to identify reliable and valid to...

Background: The Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) is a commonly employed instrument for measuring self-esteem in the general population and those with mental illness. However, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to determine the structural validity of the RSES for schizophrenia patients in Indonesia are limited. Objectives: We examined the structural validity of the RSES as a measurement for patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), as well as assessing internal consistency and reliability. Methods: The sample comprised 260 participants. Over two weeks, 30 subjects were added to investigate test-retest reliability. The structural validity analyzed was based on a CFA to determine the model fit. We used internal consistency (Ordinal alpha) to evaluate the reliability evidence. Results: Four different models were analyzed in this study. Considering the single-factor model (Model 1a), the overall fit criteria were inadequate. However, after some modification indices, all fit criteria were significantly adequate (Model 1b). The adequacy of all fit standards remained satisfactory when the two-factor model (Model 2) and hierarchical model (Model 3) were applied. The RSES had an ordinal alpha coefficient of 0.75. While 0.89 and 0.88 for the positive and negative self-esteem subscale, respectively. Test-retest reliability yielded adequate results with an interclass correlation score ranging from 0.87 to 0.93. Conclusions: The current investigation provided evidence supporting the structural validity, internal consistency, and reliability of the RSES, indicating that the RSES can be considered a valid and reliable measurement. A two-factor model of RSES was an appropriate model to measure self-esteem in our study. This finding suggests that the use of the RSES is beneficial and applicable in assessing levels of self-esteem in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in Indonesia.

Objective: The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale is widely used to examine internalized stigma among people with mental illness. However, an Indonesian version does not yet exist. We developed an Indonesian translation of the ISMI scale and assessed its psychometric properties. Method: We included 280 inpatients with mental illness diagnoses in 2 hospitals and a rehabilitation center. We followed the guidelines proposed by Sousa and Rojjanasrirat (2011) to translate the questionnaire. The reliability was evaluated by measuring the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability. Test validity was measured through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine the structure of the scale and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to determine the model fits. Results: The EFA yielded 5 factors with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of.96 for the total scale and .95, .95, .93, .94, and .82 for the 5 subscales. The test-retest reliability indicated excellent results, demonstrated by the interclass correlation coefficient ranging between.76 and .92 for all ISMI scale items. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test statistic was 0.95, and Bartlett's test of sphericity value was significant. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The CFA indicated that the ISMI scale has an acceptable model fit. The Indonesian version of the ISMI scale demonstrated good psychometric properties for measuring internalized stigma of psychiatric patients in Indonesia.

Background: Mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia, cause a decline in mental function, impacting individuals' inability to perform self-care activities independently, including dental and oral hygiene. This self-care deficit is caused by cognitive impairment, lack of motivation, and the inability to organize and carry out daily activities. Appropriate interventions are essential to support the restoration of independence and improve patients' quality of life. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of implementing the token economy method in improving oral hygiene in patients with self-care deficits due to mental disorders. Method: An in-depth case study was conducted on one patient diagnosed with self-care deficit using the token economy method as an intervention. Data were collected through observations, a token economy checklist, and self-care (oral hygiene) activity observation sheets for two weeks, from October 20 to November 1, 2025. Analysis focused on improving the patient's oral hygiene score. Results: After two weeks of the token economy intervention, there was a significant improvement in patients' toothbrushing activity, as measured by token scores. Oral hygiene scores improved from poor (10) to fair (30), with patients showing consistent progress in performing self-care independently. Conclusion: This intervention successfully motivated patients to maintain regular and independent oral hygiene. Keywords: Oral Hygiene; Schizophrenia; Self-Care Deficit.