The aim of this work is to develop an adsorber with a fixed bed of adsorbent and a mathematical model of the adsorption bed. On the basis of the theory of fractal clusters, an equation for calculating the layer porosity that takes into account the average cluster radius, the fractal dimension of the cluster structure and the anisotropy index of the adsorbent layer is proposed. The adsorption mechanism in the layer was established, and the proportionality coefficients were estimated based on the tetrahedral packing of grains in the layer. Based on the analysis of the movement of the carrier through the adsorption layer and its deformation, an equation that describes the change in the porosity of the granular layer when the water flow moves through it, depending on the proportionality coefficients, is proposed. An equation that made it possible to calculate the change in the porosity of the layer in comparison with the porosity of the stationary stacking was obtained. An effective design for the adsorber that made it possible to increase the efficiency of using the structure of porous adsorption layers was developed. Equations of the heat and mass transfer taking into account the granule shape coefficient, effective diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient were derived. These equations establish the relationship between the average distance between active centers on the adsorption surface and the degree of filling of the adsorption surface with the adsorbed component.

Global food security is increasingly threatened by escalating water scarcity and progressive soil degradation, particularly subsoil compaction resulting from repeated heavy machinery traffic. In many arid and semi-arid regions, bulk soil density may reach 1.68 g cm⁻³ in the 40–60 cm layer of heavy clay–loam soils, severely restricting water infiltration, gaseous exchange, and nutrient transport, ultimately causing substantial yield losses. This study investigated the synergistic effects of deep slitting (subsoiling) and superabsorbent hydrogel polymer (SAP) application on soil moisture dynamics and the productivity of Baisheshek barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under the arid steppe conditions of the Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan. A field experiment with four replications and seven treatments was conducted on compacted heavy clay–loam soil. Soil sampling and agrochemical analyses were performed across three representative sites to account for spatial heterogeneity and to evaluate the robustness of the proposed technology under variable field conditions. Treatments combined two slitting depths (20 cm and 40 cm) with two hydrogel rates (30 kg ha⁻¹ and 60 kg ha⁻¹). The optimal treatment—20 cm slitting with 30 kg ha⁻¹ hydrogel (SCH-20+30)—produced the most favorable soil moisture retention and highest agronomic performance, achieving a yield of 23.2 c ha⁻¹, a 53.6% increase (8.1 c ha⁻¹ gain) over the control (15.1 c ha⁻¹). The 30 kg ha⁻¹ dose was also the most economically efficient, as doubling the rate provided no significant benefit. To enable practical implementation, a patented Combined Seeding Unit (CSU) was developed to integrate deep slitting, hydrogel application, fertilizer placement, and seeding into a single-pass operation. This innovative methodology represents a technologically advanced, water-efficient, and sustainable approach for high-yield barley and other grain cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions, offering a practical model for precision soil and water management under climate-induced water scarcity.

This study evaluated a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogel synthesized from hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (GIPANA) and an anionic polyacrylamide component cross-linked with formaldehyde for improving soil water status and crop performance under arid field conditions in the Turkistan Region (Saryagash District, Kazakhstan) during the 2024 growing season. A randomized complete block design with three replicates tested three crops (rice, wheat, saffron) under three hydrogel treatments: control (T0), 0.2% (w/w) hydrogel (T1), and 0.4% (w/w) hydrogel (T2), with identical crop-specific irrigation inputs across treatments. Soil moisture was monitored using TDR at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm depths over time; field infiltration, wetting depth, and a retention coefficient were determined using double-ring infiltrometry; and laboratory swelling capacity was measured for unmodified and Ca–P modified hydrogels. The experimental soil remained non-saline and chemically stable across the season, enabling attribution of observed responses primarily to hydrogel amendment. Hydrogel application increased volumetric soil water content in a consistent dose-responsive manner across crops and depths, with the largest and most persistent gains under T2, particularly in the 20–40 cm layer in rice later in the season. In parallel, infiltration rate, wetting depth, and retention coefficient increased substantially with hydrogel dose. Laboratory tests confirmed rapid swelling and high absorption capacity, which further increased with Ca–P modification. Improved soil water availability translated into enhanced vegetative growth (plant height and leaf number) and higher yields in all crops, with T2 providing the most consistent agronomic benefits. Overall, the results demonstrate that GIPANA–polyacrylamide hydrogel amendment can improve root-zone moisture dynamics, soil water transmission, and crop productivity in arid irrigated systems, supporting its use within integrated water-saving soil management strategies.

The main patterns of purification of oily waters using sorption materials based on vegetable and man–made raw materials (sunflower husk, rice husk, polystyrene foam and rice husk) have been established, determining the possibility of effective use of their carbonates in the processes of water purification from petroleum products. It has been established that materials based on carbonates of sunflower husks and rice husks are characterized by the process of absorption of oil and petroleum products by the entire volume. As a result of the conducted research, an optimal carbon-polystyrene sorbent was obtained (21 % rice husk, 79 % expanded polystyrene), which has a high oil capacity in terms of the amount of oil collected at 0 о C. A technological system for local wastewater treatment of petrochemical industries using sorption materials obtained during thermochemical disposal of waste of plant origin has been developed.

One of the ways of water management in agriculture is the use of highly swelling polymer hydrogels (HSPH). New hydrogels based on ech, ammonia and gipan were produced. An upward change in the amount of cross-linking agent in the gel, in our case from 0.1 to 9%, also affects the increase in cross-linking of the main chains of acrylic acid and, as a consequence, a decrease in sorption. Sorption is explained not only by gel-ion ion exchange, but also by complex formation between the polymer structure and the ions of these metals, or electrostatic interaction. During the study, it was found that the size of the polymer grain has a noticeable effect on the static exchange capacity. As the polymer grain decreases, the static capacity increases. The influence of factors (temperature, concentration, etc.) on the degree of swelling of hydrogel has been studied. As a result of systematic studies of the produced polymers, further directions for research of the developed complex structural polymers are shown. The proposed field of application: agriculture, metallurgical industry, medicine, cosmetology, household chemistry.

Бұл зерттеуде ауыл шаруашылығында қолдануға арналған биокомпозиттік гидрогельдердің физика-химиялық және агрономиялық қасиеттері кешенді түрде зерттелді. Гидрогельдер гидролизденген полиакрилонитрил (ГИПАН) және натрий карбоксиметилцеллюлозасы (КМЦ) негізінде синтезделіп, олардың ісіну дәрежесі, су ұстау қабілеті мен механикалық тұрақтылығы анықталды. Синтез нәтижелері бойынша ең тиімді гидрогель құрамы ГИПАН/КМЦ = 70/30 қатынасы болып табылды, ол жоғары ісіну дәрежесімен (580 г/г) және 7 күннен кейінгі су ұстау қабілетімен (85%) ерекшеленді. Гидрогельдердің топырақ жағдайындағы механикалық қасиеттері зерттеліп, балшықты топырақта құрылымның тұрақтылығы 180 күнге дейін сақталатыны анықталды. Ауыл шаруашылық тәжірибелері гидрогельдердің топырақтың физикалық параметрлеріне айтарлықтай әсер ететінін көрсетті: далалық ылғал сыйымдылығы 46,4% артты, су өткізгіштігі 37,8% төмендеді, ал әлсіреу ылғалдылығы 50% көбейді. Гидрогель құрамында инкапсуляцияланған тыңайтқыштардың (азот, фосфор, калий) бөліну тиімділігі жоғары болып, 30 күн ішінде 70-80% деңгейінде жүзеге асты, ал пайдалану тиімділігі 82-85% аралығында болды. Өсімдік өсіру тәжірибелері көрсеткендей, гидрогель енгізу (0,3%) өсімдіктердің биіктігін 20,4%, дән массасын 17,4%, өнімділік 30,2%, ал ақуыз мөлшері 13,3% артты. Сонымен қатар, әртүрлі ауылшаруашылық дақылдарында (бидай, жүгері, мақта, көкөністер) гидрогель қолдану өнім өсімін 25-40%, су үнемдеуді 30-50% деңгейінде қамтамасыз етті. Жалпы алғанда, гидрогельдерді қолдану топырақтың су-физикалық қасиеттерін жақсартуға, тыңайтқыштардың тиімділігін арттыруға және су ресурстарын үнемдеуге мүмкіндік береді.