From a theoretical approach based on political ecology and environmental justice, we assess how forestry development has generated socio-spatial dynamics of environmental degradation and water scarcity in southern Chile. Through historical-geographical and ethnographic methods, we discuss how and why the spread of forestry plantations has significantly influenced social and environmental degradation of the Mapuche's modes of living. In response, during recent decades a political articulation of a Mapuche social movement is observed. Their demands include land, autonomy, rights and opportunities to frame their own development strategies. Within the internal diversity of this movement, a key principle is reversing the spread of environmental degradation by recovering the native forest and its natural water cycles, which have been disrupted significantly by the increasing of forestry plantations. We explore these dynamics of the Mapuche movement from an environmental justice approach.

A typology is proposed regarding the modes of access to water for the rural population in Chile as well as four explanatory dimensions of its heterogeneity. The typology emerges from a systematic review of the literature and an analysis of quantitative data based on rural water organizations' databases. The modes of access are defined by the following five criteria: their socio-technical system, their type of management, their level of spatial action, the source of their financing, and the type of technical assistance they received. The findings dispute the systemic vision of access to water in rural areas and invite us to consider the structural heterogeneity in regulations and public policies to guarantee the human right to water.

Este documento caracteriza y presenta un análisis crítico del extractivismo forestal vigente en la comuna de Arauco, ubicada en la región del Biobío, Chile, cuyo proceso se inició hace más de cuarenta años, como política pública, con la intención de combatir la erosión de la tierra, abastecer a las empresas carboníferas, construir líneas ferroviarias y alivianar los índices de pobreza. Sin embargo, esta actividad afecta hoy los paisajes, la economía y la vida cotidiana en el territorio, lo que lleva a que el extractivismo forestal se convierta en un contenido sociocultural al que se le asignan diferentes sentidos, que circulan simultáneamente en la vida social local y generan diversas formas de resistencia ante los impactos del modelo extractivista forestal. Los datos analizados dan cuenta de que la presencia de este modelo se instala no solo en los espacios naturales y productivos del territorio, sino también en las construcciones socioculturales cotidianas de sus habitantes, especialmente en comprensiones internalizadas y compartidas. A partir de dichas comprensiones, se han levantado a su vez diferentes formas de resistencia, a través de las cuales los habitantes controlan los límites del extractivismo forestal. Metodológicamente, este análisis se basa en un trabajo etnográfico realizado durante el 2016, centrado en la observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y revisión documental, en el que se ponen en valor los discursos y las prácticas de diversos actores del territorio sobre la forma en que se internaliza el modelo extractivista forestal. Entre los principales resultados, se identifican valoraciones positivas, críticas y modos de convivencia, además de formas de resistencia, discursos críticos y situaciones de conflicto. De esta manera, se presenta una forma de comprensión del extractivismo forestal que más allá de los impactos ambientales o sociales de esta actividad, considera la incidencia que tiene dicho modelo en las relaciones que los habitantes construyen con su territorio.

The joint “International Forests and Water Conference 2018” highlighted among its main conclusions the need to involve the viewpoint and participation of local communities in the management and monitoring of forest watersheds. This topic constitutes a strategic and transverse challenge for the sciences and public policies in the current context of global climate change. As a contribution to this challenge, the aim of this research was to qualitatively describe and analyze a territorial intervention model based on two case studies. Both involve stakeholders from the public sector, forest companies, and rural communities within the framework of implementing a participatory process at a local scale. The first case study was based on the collective creation of a set of indicators for local water monitoring. The second case, through the incorporation of the social and local dimension, culminated in the collective creation of a forest watershed management guide. The research hypothesis was that the inclusion of stakeholders and local knowledge in forest watershed management is essential to create and/or strengthen local abilities that ensure the involvement of communities in water governance, surpassing the current informative and consultative approaches. The research methodology was qualitative, and the data collection strategies were focused on the compilation of the process, the participatory work, and gathering diverse local knowledge. The data analysis included content tabulation, including both local indicators and ones extracted from the guide. In both cases, the systematization process and the main empirical findings were included. Among the findings, it was observed that both the pilot of local indicators and the design of the forest watershed management guide confirmed that the main challenge of local participation is the effective inclusion of local knowledge in water governance. This ethical and methodological challenge must be approached more rigorously and with more commitment.

Restoring ecosystems in Chile is urgent, given the negative impacts of the prevailing extractive development model. The articulation of collaborative relationships between land and resource owners and the communities who inhabit and form a part of ecosystems has turned out to be a key variable in this activity. The empirical basis for the present study is a case that reveals how a network of women inhabiting the ‘Cordillera de Nahuelbuta’, on the border between the Biobío and Araucanía Regions in southern Chile, began a restoration process linked to several stakeholders of the basin. We employed qualitative and ethnographic methodologies to collect and analyse the perspectives of various actors involved. This research included 16 in-depth interviews, participant observation, and the analysis of secondary sources. Among the factors that made this experience possible are: i) community motivation, ii) the requirements imposed by an international certification that impelled forestry companies to participate in projects incorporating local peasants, and iii) the availability of other actors and wills in civil society, all assembled to promote restoration. Today, obstacles that could impede the further development and sustainability of the experience arise from the difficulties of maintaining permanent coordination with the corporations and whether they value the sustainability of these initiatives. This venture eventually evolved into a restoration cooperative run by members of the local community of peasants and small-scale farmers. This experience is highly relevant for socioecological studies since it shows that restoration initiatives can integrate disparate interests responding to distinct paradigms of nature and economy.