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Anlu Zhang
College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

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Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The rural collective construction land (RCCL) market imperfections, as well as informal regulations, may have contributed to high transaction costs. Well-functioning land markets play an essential role in land-use revenue, land-use efficiency, and land allocation efficiency for the rural collective economic organization (RCEO). Therefore, specific land-use patterns and detailed transaction rules for the land rental market and land sales market, respectively, make a contribution to a suitable market model with lower transaction costs and higher market efficiency. Through an empirical investigation in Nanhai District, Gungdong Province, this article builds on the theoretical framework of Williamson’s transaction costs, where the asset specificity, uncertainty, and transaction frequency have a significant influence on the RCCL market model choice. Probit model results show that (1) the RCEO prefers to choose the land sales market when the RCCL market has higher asset specificity so that the land sales market can counteract transaction costs by creating land revenue for long-term investments. Thus, the land sales market is a more appropriate choice when the trading land is a large area in a great location. (2) The rental market choice is more suitable for the RCCL market with higher transaction uncertainty. Therefore, the RCEO can detail transaction rules for the land sales and rental markets, respectively. We propose that local governments need to announce regulations for the longest contract period and the land development planning (floor area ratio, building density, floor height, etc.) of different land-use types (industrial land and commercial land) for the land sales market and the land rental market.

ACS Style

Ting Zhang; Ke Huang; Anlu Zhang. Choice of Rural Collective Construction Land Sales and Rental Markets at the Theoretical Framework of Williamson’s Transaction Costs: Evidence from Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8473 .

AMA Style

Ting Zhang, Ke Huang, Anlu Zhang. Choice of Rural Collective Construction Land Sales and Rental Markets at the Theoretical Framework of Williamson’s Transaction Costs: Evidence from Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ting Zhang; Ke Huang; Anlu Zhang. 2021. "Choice of Rural Collective Construction Land Sales and Rental Markets at the Theoretical Framework of Williamson’s Transaction Costs: Evidence from Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, China." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8473.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2021 in Land
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The Chinese government is committed to its goal of building a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society (RES). The hope is that establishing an RES will accelerate social and economic development, improve resource utilization, and transform industrialization. This paper focuses on the Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan urban agglomeration (CZTUA) in Hunan Province, which is a pilot for the RES, as an example. A slack-based measure model based on data envelopment analysis was used to evaluate industrial land use efficiency (ILUE), which includes undesirable outputs. We collected panel data from 2003 to 2018 and used the difference-in-differences method to investigate whether the ILUE in the CZTUA has improved since the implementation of the RES in 2007. The results showed that: (1) the ILUE in the CZTUA increased from 0.25 in 2003 to 0.48 in 2018; (2) from 2007 to 2018, the establishment of the RES increased the ILUE in the CZTUA by 24.6%; (3) gross domestic product and the secondary industry structure ratio had key roles in improving the ILUE in the CZTUA; (4) there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and the ILUE in the CZTUA; (5) since the establishment of the RES, the pollution emission index of the CZTUA has clearly decreased each year. These findings not only provide a reference for the Chinese government for following up the formation of the RES and its promotion in other regions of China, but may also contribute to sustainable economic development in other transitional countries in the world.

ACS Style

Wenfang Pu; Anlu Zhang; Lanjiao Wen. Can China’s Resource-Saving and Environmentally Friendly Society Really Improve the Efficiency of Industrial Land Use? Land 2021, 10, 751 .

AMA Style

Wenfang Pu, Anlu Zhang, Lanjiao Wen. Can China’s Resource-Saving and Environmentally Friendly Society Really Improve the Efficiency of Industrial Land Use? Land. 2021; 10 (7):751.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenfang Pu; Anlu Zhang; Lanjiao Wen. 2021. "Can China’s Resource-Saving and Environmentally Friendly Society Really Improve the Efficiency of Industrial Land Use?" Land 10, no. 7: 751.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2021 in Forests
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Urban green space (UGS) provides a wide range of ecosystem services for human beings. The fairness of UGS distribution has important implications for sustainable urban development and human well-being. However, many current studies on green space fairness are limited to within specific cities, and UGS fairness in rapidly developing metropolitan areas is still largely neglected. This study quantifies the change in green space fairness in the Wuhan metropolitan area from 2000 to 2020 based on a long time series of land cover and population spatial distribution products. We incorporated green space types and population distribution into the fairness evaluation framework, quantified the value of green space ecosystem services available to people through nested buffers, and analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of green space fairness in the study area based on the Gini coefficient of each city. The results show that the supply of green space services in most cities has shown a trend of “decreasing and then increasing” in the past 20 years. The fairness of green space in three cities has shown an improving trend, and the Gini coefficient in four cities is still above 0.50 in 2020. Based on the current green space and related indicators in each city, we propose future greening policies for each city. The methodology and conclusions of this study will help improve future green space planning recommendations in metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations, thus promoting regional public infrastructure coproduction and sharing.

ACS Style

Peng Cheng; Min Min; Weiyan Hu; Anlu Zhang. A Framework for Fairness Evaluation and Improvement of Urban Green Space: A Case of Wuhan Metropolitan Area in China. Forests 2021, 12, 890 .

AMA Style

Peng Cheng, Min Min, Weiyan Hu, Anlu Zhang. A Framework for Fairness Evaluation and Improvement of Urban Green Space: A Case of Wuhan Metropolitan Area in China. Forests. 2021; 12 (7):890.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Cheng; Min Min; Weiyan Hu; Anlu Zhang. 2021. "A Framework for Fairness Evaluation and Improvement of Urban Green Space: A Case of Wuhan Metropolitan Area in China." Forests 12, no. 7: 890.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Assessment of ecosystem services supply, demand, and budgets can help to achieve sustainable urban development. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, as one of the most developed megacities in China, sets up a goal of high-quality development while fostering ecosystem services. Therefore, assessing the ecosystem services in this study area is very important to guide further development. However, the spatial pattern of ecosystem services, especially at local scales, is not well understood. Using the available 2017 land cover product, Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical images, a deep learning land cover mapping framework integrating deep change vector analysis and the ResUnet model was proposed. Based on the produced 10 m land cover map for the year 2020, recent spatial patterns of the ecosystem services at different scales (i.e., the GBA, 11 cities, urban–rural gradient, and pixel) were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Forest was the primary land cover in Guangzhou, Huizhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong, and an impervious surface was the main land cover in the other four cities. (2) Although ecosystem services in the GBA were sufficient to meet their demand, there was undersupply for all the three general services in Macao and for the provision services in Zhongshan, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Foshan. (3) Along the urban–rural gradient in the GBA, supply and demand capacity showed an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively. As for the city-level analysis, Huizhou and Zhuhai showed a fluctuation pattern while Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong presented a decreasing pattern along the gradient. (4) Inclusion of neighborhood landscape led to increased demand scores in a small proportion of impervious areas and oversupply for a very large percent of bare land.

ACS Style

Dawei Wen; Song Ma; Anlu Zhang; Xinli Ke. Spatial Pattern Analysis of the Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery Based on Deep Learning Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7044 .

AMA Style

Dawei Wen, Song Ma, Anlu Zhang, Xinli Ke. Spatial Pattern Analysis of the Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery Based on Deep Learning Method. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dawei Wen; Song Ma; Anlu Zhang; Xinli Ke. 2021. "Spatial Pattern Analysis of the Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery Based on Deep Learning Method." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7044.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Sustainability
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As China entered marketization in the late 1980s, it soon established a market economy system and implemented tax-sharing reforms. Driven by the marketization, local governments have rapidly developed the economy under the pressure of fiscal competition caused by the reform of the tax-sharing system. Industrial land is an important factor of local economic development, and it enables local governments to invest heavily in the industrial sector to promote economic development, leading to urban expansion. In order to shed light on the relationship between the market reforms implemented by the Chinese government and the expansion of urban industrial land, this paper used the data of 77 prefecture-level cities in China’s five national-level urban agglomerations as research samples from 2007 to 2018. We first constructed the marketization rate of industrial land (MIL) and used the panel data model to examine whether China′s market reform will curb the expansion of industrial land. The results showed that: (1) land market reform can restrain the scale of industrial land expansion, and the impact is different in different urban agglomerations; (2) under the effect of marketization, foreign direct investment (FDI) has restrained the expansion of industrial land to a certain extent. The amount of industrial investment (AII), the ratio of secondary industry to GDP structure (RSG), and the number of industrial enterprises (NIE) will aggravate the expansion of industrial land. We suggest that the Chinese government should deepen the reform of land marketization and develop a differentiated land market mechanism. It is also necessary for local governments to develop stock land, improve the efficiency of industrial land use, increase the investment in advanced technology, and improve the intensive utilization of industrial land. The research provides a reference for other countries in the world that are developing in a transitional period to restrain unlimited land expansion and save land resources in the process of economic development.

ACS Style

Wenfang Pu; Anlu Zhang. Can Market Reforms Curb the Expansion of Industrial Land?—Based on the Panel Data Analysis of Five National-Level Urban Agglomerations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4472 .

AMA Style

Wenfang Pu, Anlu Zhang. Can Market Reforms Curb the Expansion of Industrial Land?—Based on the Panel Data Analysis of Five National-Level Urban Agglomerations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenfang Pu; Anlu Zhang. 2021. "Can Market Reforms Curb the Expansion of Industrial Land?—Based on the Panel Data Analysis of Five National-Level Urban Agglomerations." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4472.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2021 in Habitat International
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With the rapid development of urbanization, industrialization and decentralized fiscal reform in China, large areas of farmlands are being converted from rural land to urban construction (residential, commercial and industrial) land. Taking Wuhan City in Hubei Province, China as a case study, we analyze land value creation by value creators including farmers (collectives), the government and developers at the level of the individual parcel, community, township and district in the process of rural-urban land conversion from farmland to residential, commercial and industrial use. The results show that (1) at the individual analysis level, land prices increase significantly during the process of land acquisition, land leasing and real estate development and sales. Land prices and incremental values differ greatly across the three land types, with higher prices for residential and commercial land, and lower prices for industrial land. In addition, farmers (collectives) receive the lowest share of the land value revenue, while the highest share is obtained by developers, followed by the government. (2) At the community, township and district levels of analysis, the spatial distribution of land values shows similar characteristics at different scales. Moreover, scale effects are found in land value creation and benefit distribution. Average land prices and incremental values decrease from the scale of the community, to the township, to the district. Furthermore, the difference in land values decreases gradually when moving from the community scale to the district scale. This study contributes to a better understanding of land value increments and benefit distribution at multiple levels of analysis, for multiple stakeholders, and for multiple land use types.

ACS Style

Xiangxiang Xie; Liesbeth Dries; Wim Heijman; Anlu Zhang. Land value creation and benefit distribution in the process of rural-urban land conversion: A case study in Wuhan City, China. Habitat International 2021, 109, 102335 .

AMA Style

Xiangxiang Xie, Liesbeth Dries, Wim Heijman, Anlu Zhang. Land value creation and benefit distribution in the process of rural-urban land conversion: A case study in Wuhan City, China. Habitat International. 2021; 109 ():102335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiangxiang Xie; Liesbeth Dries; Wim Heijman; Anlu Zhang. 2021. "Land value creation and benefit distribution in the process of rural-urban land conversion: A case study in Wuhan City, China." Habitat International 109, no. : 102335.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Urbanization involves expansion of the amount of land covered by urban uses. Rural to urban land conversion (RULC) can satisfy demand for the additional space that growing cities require. However, there can be negative consequences, such as the loss of productive agricultural land and/or the destruction of natural habitats. Considerable interest therefore exists among policy makers and researchers regarding how the efficiency of RULC can be maximized. We used the Gini index and a data envelopment analysis to quantify the relationship between RULC and economic development for 17 metropolitan areas in China. We did this from two perspectives: (i) coordination; and (ii) efficiency. We found that economic agglomeration fosters the coordination of the amount of rural land that is allocated to be converted to urban uses. Similarly, economic agglomeration increases the efficiency of RULC in terms of the processes of socio-economic production. Through production technology innovation and readjustment in the scale of input factors, the productive efficiency of RULC can be promoted. Our findings suggest a need to strictly limit the amount of RULC, design differential land management policies according to location and development level, and adjust RULC allocation between different cities. Further, in harnessing the potential of intensive urban land use and restructuring, production factors, including land, can be enhanced through technological innovation. Research presented in this paper provides insights for areas of the world which are yet to undergo the rapid urbanization that China has experienced, but where it is projected to occur over the coming decades.

ACS Style

Ke Huang; Martin Dallimer; Lindsay Stringer; An-Lu Zhang; Ting Zhang. Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2002 .

AMA Style

Ke Huang, Martin Dallimer, Lindsay Stringer, An-Lu Zhang, Ting Zhang. Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke Huang; Martin Dallimer; Lindsay Stringer; An-Lu Zhang; Ting Zhang. 2021. "Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2002.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2021 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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Regional integration is an important element of China's decarbonization and sustainability strategies. The present study uses an extended Spatial Durbin Model and county-level panel data to estimate the effectiveness of a pilot scheme of regional economic integration on land-use-related carbon emissions applied in the Wuhan metropolitan area. Intra-regional and spillover effects of urban development, the policy environment, and regional interactions are measured from 2001 to 2015, covering equal pre- and post-policy periods. The results suggest high potential for regional integration to reduce land-use-related carbon emissions. The levels of the carbon emissions in the 48 counties in the Wuhan metropolitan area are found to be spatially autocorrelated and exhibited clustering patterns. The regional economic linkages reveal a spatially gradual diffusion from the urban center to the periphery. The findings extend the relevant literature by showing that the status of the urban development of counties and the type of resource-exchange relations determine both the emissions reduction potential in a region and the direction of the economic and environmental spillover effects. The findings further point to a close linkage between the low-emission strategy, urban-migration plans, and the land-development policy, suggesting the need for a coordinated approach to define effective regionally specific policy instruments.

ACS Style

Lanjiao Wen; Lioudmila Chatalova; Xin Gao; Anlu Zhang. Reduction of carbon emissions through resource-saving and environment-friendly regional economic integration: Evidence from Wuhan metropolitan area, China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2021, 166, 120590 .

AMA Style

Lanjiao Wen, Lioudmila Chatalova, Xin Gao, Anlu Zhang. Reduction of carbon emissions through resource-saving and environment-friendly regional economic integration: Evidence from Wuhan metropolitan area, China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2021; 166 ():120590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lanjiao Wen; Lioudmila Chatalova; Xin Gao; Anlu Zhang. 2021. "Reduction of carbon emissions through resource-saving and environment-friendly regional economic integration: Evidence from Wuhan metropolitan area, China." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 166, no. : 120590.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The rapid urbanization in China has had a huge impact on land use and the scarcity of land resources has become a constraint for sustainable urban development. As urban land is an indispensable material basis in economic development, measuring its use efficiency and adopting effective policies to improve urban land use efficiency (ULUE) are important links in maintaining sustainable economic growth. By establishing a comprehensive ULUE evaluation index system that emphasizes on incorporating the natural resources input and the undesirable output, ULUE from 2010 to 2016 was calculated based on super efficiency SBM model, and its potential influencing factors were explored using a spatial econometric model. The results show that: (1) temporally, the overall ULUE in China is upward growing, and the gap among regions is becoming gradually convergent. (2) Spatially, the ULUE of Chinese cities are positively correlated. (3) Economic agglomeration and industrial structure significantly improve ULUE in China, but the intensity of energy consumption has a negative impact on ULUE. We suggest that: (1) differentiated industrial development strategies should be formulated; (2) the economic growth pattern should be changed from energy-consuming to energy-saving; (3) priority should be given to innovation on science and education, so as to increase in clean energy input and cleaner production.

ACS Style

Xiao Han; Anlu Zhang; Yinying Cai. Spatio-Econometric Analysis of Urban Land Use Efficiency in China from the Perspective of Natural Resources Input and Undesirable Outputs: A Case Study of 287 Cities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7297 .

AMA Style

Xiao Han, Anlu Zhang, Yinying Cai. Spatio-Econometric Analysis of Urban Land Use Efficiency in China from the Perspective of Natural Resources Input and Undesirable Outputs: A Case Study of 287 Cities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Han; Anlu Zhang; Yinying Cai. 2020. "Spatio-Econometric Analysis of Urban Land Use Efficiency in China from the Perspective of Natural Resources Input and Undesirable Outputs: A Case Study of 287 Cities in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7297.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Aiming at realizing the efficacy and fairness of spatial allocation of land resources, zoning is one of the most widespread tools adopted by governments around the world. However it also brings imbalanced land development which will lead to the "windfall-wipeout dilemma" of stakeholders. Local government regarded as the regional governor and economic driver, is an important part of stakeholders, and will fall into fiscal dilemma when the land development is restricted. In this paper, we discuss how imbalanced land development affects local fiscal condition based on the theory of farmland preservation externality and finance and taxation system. Taking Hubei Province as an example, the degree of imbalanced land development, and the relationship between local fiscal condition and imbalanced land development are quantified by employing a panel dataset of 88 local jurisdictions (counties or districts) from 2009 to 2014. The results show that: (1) The degree of imbalanced land development in Hubei Province is 0.260 with characteristics of temporal decrease and spatial increase from high urbanized eastern areas to middle, northern agricultural dominate areas to low urbanized western mountainous areas. (2) The imbalanced land development aggravates the local government fiscal difficulty, the higher degree of imbalanced land development, the more serious the fiscal condition is. Therefore, innovation of trans-regional fiscal payment on the basis of the degree of imbalanced land development can effectively address the local fiscal dilemmas and achieve regional coordinated development.

ACS Style

Rui-Fen Cao; An-Lu Zhang; Yin-Ying Cai; Xiang-Xiang Xie. How imbalanced land development affects local fiscal condition? A case study of Hubei Province, China. Land Use Policy 2020, 99, 105086 .

AMA Style

Rui-Fen Cao, An-Lu Zhang, Yin-Ying Cai, Xiang-Xiang Xie. How imbalanced land development affects local fiscal condition? A case study of Hubei Province, China. Land Use Policy. 2020; 99 ():105086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui-Fen Cao; An-Lu Zhang; Yin-Ying Cai; Xiang-Xiang Xie. 2020. "How imbalanced land development affects local fiscal condition? A case study of Hubei Province, China." Land Use Policy 99, no. : 105086.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper analyzes market efficiency under the formal transaction rules of the rural collective construction land (RCCL) market in Nanhai District. These transaction rules are not perfect, market uncertainty is strong, and transaction costs remain high. Transaction rules are an important means by which the government can intervene in the market, protect farmers’ land-use and income rights, and make the market more open, equitable, and just. Using a field survey (260 questionnaires) in Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, China, we estimated the impact of the openness, equity, and justice of transaction rules on the transaction costs of the RCCL market. Tobit models were constructed, and the results showed the following: (1) The overall level of market efficiency of the RCCL in Nanhai District is low. In different regions, the highest market efficiency is in Guicheng Street and the lowest is in Xiqiao Town. However, after excluding the influence of environmental and random factors, the overall level of market efficiency decreased, while the market efficiency of Lishui and Xiqiao Town increased. (2) The influencing factors of RCCL market efficiency under the arrangement of transaction rules are mainly related to the disclosure of information in the openness dimension, income distribution and supervision in the fairness dimension, and land-price formation in the fairness dimension. Therefore, we suggest that the lower the transaction cost of an RCCL market, the more active the market will be. It is very important to improve the transaction rules of the RCCL market, reduce the transaction cost, and improve the market efficiency. The transaction rules of the RCCL market should be further improved in the three dimensions of openness, equity, and justice. Our work provides insight into the improvement of market efficiency, which contributes to the development of the RCCL markets in other areas of China and worldwide.

ACS Style

Meie Deng; Anlu Zhang. Market Efficiency under the Arrangement of Transaction Rules of the RCCL Market from the Supply-Side Perspective. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7660 .

AMA Style

Meie Deng, Anlu Zhang. Market Efficiency under the Arrangement of Transaction Rules of the RCCL Market from the Supply-Side Perspective. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meie Deng; Anlu Zhang. 2020. "Market Efficiency under the Arrangement of Transaction Rules of the RCCL Market from the Supply-Side Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7660.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2020 in Sustainability
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The ecological benefit of cultivated land is the non-market value or ecological service value created by cultivated land protection. Based on the trinity concept of comprehensive protection of quantity, quality, and ecology of cultivated land, this study calculates the ecological benefits of cultivated land protection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Through the theory of ecological supply and demand balance, the study estimated the ecological benefit spillover of cultivated land protection in the basin. The amounts and paths of ecological financial transfers for cultivated land are then examined by balancing the protection responsibilities and financial power of cultivated land. We found that overall the ecological benefits of cultivated land protection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased, reaching 773.224 billion RMB in 2017. Therein the upper, middle, and lower reaches compose 20.81%, 53.89%, and 25.30% of the ecological benefits. There are significant differences in the ecological benefits, respectively. There are significant differences in the ecological benefits and their variations of cultivated land within the River Basins. The ecological benefits of cultivated land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt demonstrated spatial spillovers within and between the upper, middle, and lower reaches. The middle reaches of the economic belt are the main ecological surplus areas of cultivated land. The ecological deficit areas of cultivated land are mainly distributed in the lower reaches. The spillover effect of the ecological benefits is evident between provinces. The increase of regional economy and ecological compensation policy for cultivated land can effectively stimulate the ecological benefits whereas the pressure of cultivated land protection and power spillovers are adverse to cultivated land ecological protection. The vertical and horizontal fiscal transfers in 2017 respectively amounted to 230.14 billion RMB and 27.24 billion RMB. Particularly, the upper, middle, and lower reaches received 13.07%, 58.41% and 28.52% of the ecological fiscal transfers, respectively. It is important to strengthen spatial spillovers and improve the horizontal and vertical ecological fiscal transfers for protecting ecology of cultivated land.

ACS Style

Junfeng Zhang; Anlu Zhang; Min Song. Ecological Benefit Spillover and Ecological Financial Transfer of Cultivated Land Protection in River Basins: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7085 .

AMA Style

Junfeng Zhang, Anlu Zhang, Min Song. Ecological Benefit Spillover and Ecological Financial Transfer of Cultivated Land Protection in River Basins: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7085.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junfeng Zhang; Anlu Zhang; Min Song. 2020. "Ecological Benefit Spillover and Ecological Financial Transfer of Cultivated Land Protection in River Basins: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7085.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2020 in Land Use Policy
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As policies of agricultural land preservation, regulatory tools and payment ones usually operate independently or complementarily. However, under the policy of the dynamic balance of total cultivated land and taxes/fees of agricultural land conversion in China, there is a substitution relationship between the regulatory and payment tools. This article reviews this substitution mechanism, theoretically evaluates the policy system of Chinese agricultural land preservation from the perspective of nonmarket value and then estimates the public preference for those policy tools and agricultural land types using the choice experiment method. The results show that first, the effects of the regulatory and payment tools are different. While the regulatory tools preserve current agricultural land, the payment ones tend to improve cultivated land for the function of food security. Second, in the choice experiment, respondents support the hybrid tools combing the regulatory and payment tools, regulatory ones and payment ones from high to low, which means that the substitution relationship is reasonable to some extent. These suggest that the interaction of policies needs to be identified in the policy system of agricultural land preservation, and the theory of nonmarket value and choice experiment can be effectively used to evaluate the policy and provide references for the improvement of the policy system.

ACS Style

Zhu Chen; Anlu Zhang; Kehao Zhou; Lingxiang Huang. Can payment tools substitute for regulatory ones? Estimating the policy preference for agricultural land preservation, Tianjin, China. Land Use Policy 2020, 100, 104860 .

AMA Style

Zhu Chen, Anlu Zhang, Kehao Zhou, Lingxiang Huang. Can payment tools substitute for regulatory ones? Estimating the policy preference for agricultural land preservation, Tianjin, China. Land Use Policy. 2020; 100 ():104860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu Chen; Anlu Zhang; Kehao Zhou; Lingxiang Huang. 2020. "Can payment tools substitute for regulatory ones? Estimating the policy preference for agricultural land preservation, Tianjin, China." Land Use Policy 100, no. : 104860.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020 in Land Use Policy
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The capitalization of land development rights is acknowledged as the key to improving compensations for rural landholders and ameliorating land-related social conflicts in peri-urban China. Investigations into reasonable as well as feasible compensation standards and the capitalization mechanism are yet to be done. This study uses a survey-based choice experiment to empirically estimate the value of land development rights in peri-urban Shanghai for three forms of rural land conversion – acquisition, consolidation and (informal) sale. The results show that heterogeneity across individuals’ preferences translates into different utilities from land development, which affects individual’s willingness to participate in this process. This effect is found to be the strongest for land sales on the informal market. If, however, land conversion is managed by local governments and rural collectives, the expected utilities of individuals have no significant effect on the amount of land development. The results suggest that capitalizing land development rights under consideration of land attributes and individuals’ preferences would lift compensation standard to a level that strikes a balance among competing land-related interests. In addition, it would promote China’s land development by bypassing the institutional constraints imposed by the current land tenure system.

ACS Style

Lanjiao Wen; Lioudmila Chatalova; Van Butsic; Zhiyong Hu; Anlu Zhang. Capitalization of land development rights in rural China: A choice experiment on individuals’ preferences in peri-urban Shanghai. Land Use Policy 2020, 97, 104803 .

AMA Style

Lanjiao Wen, Lioudmila Chatalova, Van Butsic, Zhiyong Hu, Anlu Zhang. Capitalization of land development rights in rural China: A choice experiment on individuals’ preferences in peri-urban Shanghai. Land Use Policy. 2020; 97 ():104803.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lanjiao Wen; Lioudmila Chatalova; Van Butsic; Zhiyong Hu; Anlu Zhang. 2020. "Capitalization of land development rights in rural China: A choice experiment on individuals’ preferences in peri-urban Shanghai." Land Use Policy 97, no. : 104803.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Land Use Policy
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China has been conducting massive land consolidation (LC) projects since the late 1990s to ensure national food security which has been one of the common issues in the world. How the implementation of LC projects affects grain production stability is a question should be answered. Basing on an empirical analysis at the county level in Hubei Province, China, this paper separates the trend component and the fluctuation component from a time series of grain production over 1991-2016 using the H-P filtering method. Then we estimate the impacts of LC projects and climate change on the trend and fluctuation rate of grain production for the entire Hubei Province. Moreover, the effects on the production of different major crops for the central, eastern, southwestern, northwestern and northern areas are also examined, respectively. The results show that: (1) the production trends for five subareas and the whole area all have followed a trajectory of “increase-decrease-increase” from 1991 to 2016. The magnitude of fluctuation rate was large but became smaller in recent years. (2) The contribution of LC to the long-term trends of grain production for the entire samples in Hubei Province mainly benefits from the growth in the cultivated land area through LC; more LC investment and newly-added arable land area promote the sudden increase in grain production above the long-term trends, while the impacts of LC area are negative. (3) The impacts of LC on the major crop production vary across areas. LC exerts significant impacts on the production of major crops in the central and eastern Hubei, and this effect persists to the following year. Similarly, this influence also exists in the southwestern and northern area, while becomes insignificant in the following year. No significant effect of LC variables is found in the northwestern area. These findings may provide reference for the government to address LC inefficiency and food security problems, and an effective and innovative mechanism combining the agricultural production, land consolidation and meteorological factors needs to be established to ensure food security and long-term and stable agricultural production. In addition, the regional difference in natural conditions and LC orientations should also be considered.

ACS Style

Xiang-Xiang Xie; An-Lu Zhang; Yin-Ying Cai; Yu Zhang. How government-led land consolidation efforts achieve grain production stability? An empirical analysis in Hubei Province, China. Land Use Policy 2020, 97, 104756 .

AMA Style

Xiang-Xiang Xie, An-Lu Zhang, Yin-Ying Cai, Yu Zhang. How government-led land consolidation efforts achieve grain production stability? An empirical analysis in Hubei Province, China. Land Use Policy. 2020; 97 ():104756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang-Xiang Xie; An-Lu Zhang; Yin-Ying Cai; Yu Zhang. 2020. "How government-led land consolidation efforts achieve grain production stability? An empirical analysis in Hubei Province, China." Land Use Policy 97, no. : 104756.

Article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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Multiple factors including natural and human-induced ones lead to land cover change in the landscape. Therefore, identifying the pattern of land cover change can help inform land-use management and prevent associated issues which can affect the natural resources of the landscape. The aim of this study is to assess land cover change in the Qeshm Island in southern Iran by combining the resulting outputs of multiple modeling methods, cellular automata (CA), Markov chains, and artificial neural networks (ANN) based on land cover maps for the years 1996, 2006, and 2016 that have been extracted from satellite imagery (Landsat 5, 7, and 8). In order to evaluate the accuracy of modeling, the Kappa coefficient was calculated to be 0.8. Then, land cover changes for 2025 were predicted by a hybrid model (CA-Markov-ANN). The results indicate that the classes of built-up areas, vegetation, and mangrove forests have changed more significantly from 1996 to 2016 compared with other classes. Land cover maps generated in this study showed that built-up areas have grown significantly in recent decades due to the region’s growing population and development of ports, commercial, and industrial areas. Due to the climate change, the land area covering vegetation has decreased dramatically. The size of the mangrove forests has increased over the time period of the study (1996–2025). The findings of this study can inform land-use planning decisions by providing them with a comprehensive overview of land cover conditions in the future.

ACS Style

Amir Tajbakhsh; Azadeh Karimi; Anlu Zhang. Modeling land cover change dynamic using a hybrid model approach in Qeshm Island, Southern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2020, 192, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Amir Tajbakhsh, Azadeh Karimi, Anlu Zhang. Modeling land cover change dynamic using a hybrid model approach in Qeshm Island, Southern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2020; 192 (5):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Tajbakhsh; Azadeh Karimi; Anlu Zhang. 2020. "Modeling land cover change dynamic using a hybrid model approach in Qeshm Island, Southern Iran." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 5: 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Sustainability
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The high transaction costs due to the incomplete information and transaction rules of the rural collective construction land (RCCL) market indicate that the government must improve the rural collective construction land market. Transaction rules are an important means for the government to intervene in the market and promote the development of market order, to secure land tenure, and to improve the disclosure of information. Vertical integration may reduce enterprise transaction costs but will increase the governance cost of internal organizations in enterprises. Land commercialization and corporate governance restructuring is a considerable challenge worldwide. Using a field survey in Nanhai district, Guangdong province, China, we estimated how the transaction costs of the RCCL are influenced not only by three dimensions of transaction rules—openness, equity, and justice—but also by the human asset in EC or EJC. Tobit models were constructed, and the results show that (1) the greater number of collective leaders, the higher the enterprise transaction cost (human asset in EC or EJC increases transaction costs of enterprises) and (2) the transaction rules are not sufficiently open or fair, which leads to high costs of market information searching, opportunism, and corruption. The transaction information is not transparent and the lag in transaction supervision mode gives rise to unfair transactions, in which the formation mode of land price is unreasonable. Therefore, we suggest that the transaction rules of RCCL market should be further improved in the three dimensions of openness, equity, and justice. Chinese authorities should strengthen their current efforts to build a more open and fair market by reducing the transaction costs of enterprises and improving the transaction efficiency. Our work provides some insights into the improvement of market efficiency which will contribute to the development of the RCCL market in other areas of China and worldwide.

ACS Style

Meie Deng; Anlu Zhang. Effect of Transaction Rules on Enterprise Transaction Costs Based on Williamson Transaction Cost Theory in Nanhai, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1129 .

AMA Style

Meie Deng, Anlu Zhang. Effect of Transaction Rules on Enterprise Transaction Costs Based on Williamson Transaction Cost Theory in Nanhai, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meie Deng; Anlu Zhang. 2020. "Effect of Transaction Rules on Enterprise Transaction Costs Based on Williamson Transaction Cost Theory in Nanhai, China." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1129.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2019 in Land Use Policy
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Many emerging economies have experienced rapid urbanization in an unprecedented scale and speed in the past few decades. While the urban expansion has led to the formation of metropolitan areas and promoted the economic development, it also exerts enormous pressure on environment and threatens food security. The efficient use of urban land becomes one of paramount challenges for governments to achieve sustainable and balanced growth. However, most literature has ignored the fact that in the metropolitan areas, the regional economic integration may cause the urban input-output structure readjustment through the flow of the market factors and industrial structure redistribution, thus ultimately influencing the urban land use efficiency. In this paper, we use the Wuhan metropolitan area, a rapidly growing urban agglomeration, in central China as a case to investigate the spatial spillover effects of regional economic integration on urban land use efficiency in the core development zones and the restricted development zones from 2001 to 2015. We quantify the total factor urban land use efficiency (TFULE) with data envelopment analysis, and then estimate the underlying determinants of the TFULE with a spatial panel model. Results show that 1) the TFULE values across counties (districts) are spatially autocorrelated and exhibit clustering patterns during the study period; 2) total external economic linkage (TEEL), quantified with a gravity model, has a significantly positive effect on TFULE of counties (districts) and neighboring counties (districts), especially in the core development zones; 3) the industrial structure upgrading improves the TFULE of counties (districts), but it brings down the TFULE in surrounding areas except for the core development zones. We conclude that regional economic integration in the metropolitan areas can facilitate the optimal allocation of resources for improving urban land use efficiency during the socioeconomic transformation process. Therefore, we suggest the government should establish a distinctly cross-regional fiscal compensation system to improve the regional coordination and balance in economic development.

ACS Style

Xin Gao; Anlu Zhang; Zhanli Sun. How regional economic integration influence on urban land use efficiency? A case study of Wuhan metropolitan area, China. Land Use Policy 2019, 90, 104329 .

AMA Style

Xin Gao, Anlu Zhang, Zhanli Sun. How regional economic integration influence on urban land use efficiency? A case study of Wuhan metropolitan area, China. Land Use Policy. 2019; 90 ():104329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Gao; Anlu Zhang; Zhanli Sun. 2019. "How regional economic integration influence on urban land use efficiency? A case study of Wuhan metropolitan area, China." Land Use Policy 90, no. : 104329.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The exploration of different stakeholders’ heterogeneous willingness to pay for farmland ecological value is a fundamental part of understanding the total value of farmland protection and designing a scientific farmland protection policy. Unlike the homogenous assumption used in the previous studies, the mixed logit model of choice experiment method was applied to estimate respondents’ heterogeneous willingness to pay for farmland non-market value (represented by farmland area, farmland fertility, water quality, air quality, species richness, and recreational value) in this study. Data came from a sample of 289 farmers in Wuhan, China who were face-to-face interviewed. Results showed that: (1) Farmers were unsatisfied with the status quo of the present farmland ecological environment and were willing to pay to preserve all the attributes of farmland non-market value. (2) Farmers had a heterogeneous preference for the status quo and recreational value—the error variances of these two attributes were both significant at the 1% level, and their willingness to pay for the farmland non-market value in Wuhan was 1141.88 Yuan/hm2. (3) Farmers’ cognition degree of farmland importance and whether respondents bought medical insurance or not had significant impacts on their willingness to pay. The results can provide the basic foundation for accurate valuation of farmland non-market services, help farmland regulators make the right farmland conversion decisions, and improve the resource allocation efficiency of local financial expenditure during farmland protection in Wuhan.

ACS Style

Xin Yang; Anlu Zhang. Farmers’ Heterogeneous Willingness to Pay for Farmland Non-Market Goods and Services on the Basis of a Mixed Logit Model—A Case Study of Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3876 .

AMA Style

Xin Yang, Anlu Zhang. Farmers’ Heterogeneous Willingness to Pay for Farmland Non-Market Goods and Services on the Basis of a Mixed Logit Model—A Case Study of Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (20):3876.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Yang; Anlu Zhang. 2019. "Farmers’ Heterogeneous Willingness to Pay for Farmland Non-Market Goods and Services on the Basis of a Mixed Logit Model—A Case Study of Wuhan, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3876.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2019 in Sustainability
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Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan’s economy. However, it has been noticed that farmers are increasingly giving up agriculture in favor of non-agricultural activities. This study was conducted in the Khairpur district of Sindh province, which is part of the Indus Plains in Pakistan. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the current and future land use change (LUC) trends and to study farmers’ perceptions of the causes and consequences of LUC and agricultural land abandonment (ALA) in the study area. The study used field survey data and secondary data obtained from the government sources. The results show that agricultural land in the region has decreased by about 9% in the past two decades. Survey data analysis confirms this because more than 80% of farmers believe that agricultural land in the area has declined over time. In addition, farmers believe that socioeconomic and environmental changes are the main reasons for LUC and ALA. We used a logistic regression model to determine the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to sell agricultural land for other uses. The results show that the age, income, land ownership, farm inheritance by successors, social networks and lack of basic facilities in the study area are the main determinants of farmers’ decisions to sell agricultural lands. In particular, farmers’ integration into the social network and their belief that the farm will be inherited by heirs reduces the possibility of selling land. As for the consequences of LUC and ALA, the results indicate that farmland prices, weeds infestation, urban diffusion, and pressure on existing infrastructure have increased in the study area. In addition, the results show that the prospects of farming in the area remain grim as most farmers indicated that they were willing to abandon agricultural lands in favor of other revenue generation activities. The study suggests that policymakers should pay close attention to controlling rapid LUC and ALA to keep lands green.

ACS Style

Habibullah Rajpar; Anlu Zhang; Amar Razzaq; Khalid Mehmood; Maula Bux Pirzado; Weiyan Hu. Agricultural Land Abandonment and Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Use Change in the Indus Plains of Pakistan: A Case Study of Sindh Province. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4663 .

AMA Style

Habibullah Rajpar, Anlu Zhang, Amar Razzaq, Khalid Mehmood, Maula Bux Pirzado, Weiyan Hu. Agricultural Land Abandonment and Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Use Change in the Indus Plains of Pakistan: A Case Study of Sindh Province. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4663.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Habibullah Rajpar; Anlu Zhang; Amar Razzaq; Khalid Mehmood; Maula Bux Pirzado; Weiyan Hu. 2019. "Agricultural Land Abandonment and Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Use Change in the Indus Plains of Pakistan: A Case Study of Sindh Province." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4663.