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Sina Hardaker
Department of Economic Geography, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Earlycite article
Published: 16 March 2021 in International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management
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Purpose The paper aims to investigate the new market entry strategy of the international grocery retailers Aldi Süd and Costco in China; analyzing if and how their prior-online market entry reflects a strategic response to organizational challenges in the Chinese market, which is a pioneer in the use of digital technologies and the provision of digital services. Design/methodology/approach The article identifies major challenges faced by international grocery retailers in China and discusses these with the help of the conceptual approach of embeddedness. The paper is based on expert interviews with senior executives of the two international retailers and other retail specialists and consultants. Findings The prior-online market entry by Aldi Süd and Costco represents a strategic response to organizational challenges that have to be faced in an increasingly challenging and highly digitalized Chinese market. Prior-online market entry allows the two retailers to experiment with the unique and heterogeneous Chinese market and build network and territorial embeddedness to facilitate the establishment of the physical store network. Both retailers utilize online stores to build relation and network with suppliers and customers and to understand Chinese consumer preferences. Yet, the localization strategy of Aldi Süd and Costco vary greatly. Originality/value Grocery retailers' prior-online expansion strategy has not yet been the focus of academic research. In regard to global grocery retailers, such as Aldi Süd and Costco, previous research argued that they were prepared to accept a lower expansion speed in order to expand at minimum risk and cost and mainly in countries which are regarded as having higher cultural proximity. The paper reveals the potential of the prior-online market entry strategy to change the internationalization behavior of grocery retailers. In addition, it contributes to the understanding of the evolution of market entry strategy into advanced digital economies in the coming new decade.

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker; Ling Zhang. “Testing the water” – prior-online market entry in China. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker, Ling Zhang. “Testing the water” – prior-online market entry in China. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker; Ling Zhang. 2021. "“Testing the water” – prior-online market entry in China." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Research on the COVID-19 crisis and its implications on regional resilience is still in its infancy. To understand resilience on its aggregate level it is important to identify (non)resilient actions of individual actors who comprise regions. As the retail sector among others represents an important factor in an urban regions recovery, we focus on the resilience of (textile) retailers within the city of Würzburg in Germany to the COVID-19 pandemic. To address the identified research gap, this paper applies the concept of resilience. Firstly, conducting expert interviews, the individual (textile) retailers’ level and their strategies in coping with the crisis is considered. Secondly, conducting a contextual analysis of the German city of Würzburg, we wish to contribute to the discussion of how the resilience of a region is influenced inter alia by actors. Our study finds three main strategies on the individual level, with retailers: (1) intending to “bounce back” to a pre-crisis state, (2) reorganising existing practices, as well as (3) closing stores and winding up business. As at the time of research, no conclusions regarding long-term impacts and resilience are possible, the results are limited. Nevertheless, detailed analysis of retailers’ strategies contributes to a better understanding of regional resilience.

ACS Style

Alexandra Appel; Sina Hardaker. Strategies in Times of Pandemic Crisis—Retailers and Regional Resilience in Würzburg, Germany. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2643 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Appel, Sina Hardaker. Strategies in Times of Pandemic Crisis—Retailers and Regional Resilience in Würzburg, Germany. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2643.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Appel; Sina Hardaker. 2021. "Strategies in Times of Pandemic Crisis—Retailers and Regional Resilience in Würzburg, Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2643.

Originalpaper
Published: 30 March 2020 in The European Journal of Development Research
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Special economic zones (SEZs) are geographically delimited areas in a country that are subject to differing business rules as otherwise applicable in the national territory. This study discusses the role of SEZs in the economic policy of Myanmar. Despite the fact that SEZs are often perceived as enclaves of industry having little effect on the national economic landscape, their success in practice depends to a large extent on their interdependence with the surrounding economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to initially apply the embeddedness concept to SEZs and therewith attempt to discuss probable implications of SEZs. The development of SEZs entails a number of weaknesses when assessed on their ability to enhance economic development, mainly because the quality of employment opportunities created is low and the quality of sustainable and lasting development, in general, is questionable. Although initial findings suggest that Thilawa SEZ, one of the three planned zones and currently the only one being in operation in Myanmar, has made some positive attempts to create jobs, transfer knowledge, and strengthen the country’s industrial infrastructure, there are some limits to positive external benefits flowing from SEZs in general. It is argued that consideration of the embeddedness concept proves helpful in gaining a more nuanced understanding of the interlinkage processes involved. More importantly, despite the perception of SEZs as enclaves, the specifics of their embeddedness reveal numerous directions for future research. These findings have important policy implications for Myanmar’s attempt at bringing about structural change and enhanced economic development.

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker. Embedded Enclaves? Initial Implications of Development of Special Economic Zones in Myanmar. The European Journal of Development Research 2020, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker. Embedded Enclaves? Initial Implications of Development of Special Economic Zones in Myanmar. The European Journal of Development Research. 2020; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker. 2020. "Embedded Enclaves? Initial Implications of Development of Special Economic Zones in Myanmar." The European Journal of Development Research , no. : 1-27.

Chapter
Published: 03 January 2020 in Geographische Handelsforschung
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Die Internationalisierung des Einzelhandels stellt keineswegs ein neues Phänomen dar, ist aber in den vergangenen Jahren schnell vorangeschritten. Im Folgenden werden die verschiedenen Facetten und der Umfang des internationalen Einzelhandels, grundlegende strategische Optionen, Methoden und Wege der Marktselektion sowie des Markteintritts erläutert.

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker. Einführung und Theorie: Internationalisierung des Einzelhandels. Geographische Handelsforschung 2020, 217 -228.

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker. Einführung und Theorie: Internationalisierung des Einzelhandels. Geographische Handelsforschung. 2020; ():217-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker. 2020. "Einführung und Theorie: Internationalisierung des Einzelhandels." Geographische Handelsforschung , no. : 217-228.

Chapter
Published: 03 January 2020 in Geographische Handelsforschung
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Der Einzelhandel ist immer mehr von Internationalisierung geprägt. Dies gilt sowohl für die Handelsunternehmen selbst wie auch die globalen Wertschöpfungsketten. Zudem werden Transiträume internationaler Verkehrsknotenpunkte ebenso wie Grenzräume und Urlaubsdestinationen weltweit zu Zielräumen internationaler Kundschaft.

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker. Transiträume und internationale Einkaufsverflechtungen. Geographische Handelsforschung 2020, 239 -248.

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker. Transiträume und internationale Einkaufsverflechtungen. Geographische Handelsforschung. 2020; ():239-248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker. 2020. "Transiträume und internationale Einkaufsverflechtungen." Geographische Handelsforschung , no. : 239-248.

Chapter
Published: 03 January 2020 in Geographische Handelsforschung
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Lebensmitteleinzelhändler sind die mit Abstand größten und zahlreichsten Unternehmen der Top 250 Einzelhändler weltweit. Spitzenreiter Walmart aus den USA führt mit fast 486 Mrd. US$ (2016) die Liste der Top 10 an, gefolgt von Costco, einem weiteren amerikanischen Lebensmitteleinzelhändler (119 Mrd. US$) (Kap. 19). Unter den Top 10 finden sich mit Schwarz (Platz 4) und Aldi (Platz 8) zwei deutsche sowie mit Carrefour (Platz 9) ein französischer Vertreter des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels (Deloitte 2018, S. 16).

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker. Internationalisierung des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels. Geographische Handelsforschung 2020, 249 -260.

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker. Internationalisierung des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels. Geographische Handelsforschung. 2020; ():249-260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker. 2020. "Internationalisierung des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels." Geographische Handelsforschung , no. : 249-260.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Moravian Geographical Reports
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The international expansion of the German discounters Aldi and Lidl in recent years has been a large success in grocery retailing. In China, the world’s largest grocery retail market, however, grocery discounters have not (yet) established a physical store presence. In 2017 Aldi Süd and Lidl for the first time entered a new market without the help of a physical store, implementing an online shop in China. As to the format’s future, significant disagreement amongst retail experts exists. This paper, which is based on qualitative interviews with high-ranking senior executives of international retailers, argues for three major reasons as to why the discount format has not hitherto gained a foothold in the Chinese market. Firstly, due to the characteristics and challenges of China’s market, such as high fragmentation as well as the need for strong localisation, a high standardisation of the format is not possible. Secondly, the extremely low-margin operation of discounters faces a price level in China that is already very low, limiting one of the discounter’s major competitive advantages. Thirdly, the discount format is facing a lack of consumer acceptance, toughening the establishment of private brands, which represents one of the major characteristics of the discount format.

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker. Retail Format Competition: The Case of Grocery Discount Stores and Why They Haven’t Conquered the Chinese Market (Yet). Moravian Geographical Reports 2018, 26, 220 -227.

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker. Retail Format Competition: The Case of Grocery Discount Stores and Why They Haven’t Conquered the Chinese Market (Yet). Moravian Geographical Reports. 2018; 26 (3):220-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker. 2018. "Retail Format Competition: The Case of Grocery Discount Stores and Why They Haven’t Conquered the Chinese Market (Yet)." Moravian Geographical Reports 26, no. 3: 220-227.

Articles
Published: 02 January 2017 in History of Retailing and Consumption
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Over the past decades the retail industry of the second largest economy worldwide has undergone a ‘retail revolution’. Yet, the Chinese market remains highly fragmented and diverse. The purpose of this paper is to look more closely at the introduction, evolution and changing role of international grocery retailers. This paper provides two kinds of added value. First, it explores the evolution of China’s grocery retailing industry. Second, it provides insight into the changing impact of international retailers in China over time. The paper is based on a wide range of expert interviews, among them leading international and Chinese grocery retailers as well as several on-site observations. The findings extend prior research by providing more comprehensive qualitative evidence regarding the challenges faced by international retailers and the influences upon them. The conclusions demonstrate the initial pioneering role of international players, especially hypermarkets, in China in the 1990s as well as their decreasing importance over time in regards to leadership and innovation. The paper emphasizes the need for retail chains to strengthen their initial advantages and superiority and to further adapt to the Chinese consumer in order to retain market share.

ACS Style

Sina Hardaker. The changing role of international grocery retailers in China, 1978–2016. History of Retailing and Consumption 2017, 3, 53 -69.

AMA Style

Sina Hardaker. The changing role of international grocery retailers in China, 1978–2016. History of Retailing and Consumption. 2017; 3 (1):53-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sina Hardaker. 2017. "The changing role of international grocery retailers in China, 1978–2016." History of Retailing and Consumption 3, no. 1: 53-69.