The present research investigates the application of the green method to produce nanocomposites. The CuO/PET fiber nanocomposite can be prepared in two ways. The first way involves the application of the electrospinning technique by which waste plastic cups of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are converted into nanofibers. In the second way, the copper nanoparticle (CuONPs) is synthesized with the natural capped plant extract of sumac (Rhus Coriaria L., family Anacardiaceae) and the CuONPs are then combined as a filler with the PET nanofiber using a cross-linked solvent. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and map elements distribution can be applied to investigate the surface modification and alteration of the composite nanofiber morphology. The collected data show that the produced CuO/PET nanocomposites have a high surface area, well distribution of elements, magnificent shape, and stable dispersion state. Furthermore, the CuO/PET nanocomposites are considered as an efficient photocatalytic removal of the toxic methylene blue dye (MB) in aqueous solutions. The results of the present study demonstrate that the photocatalytic efficiency for removing MB dye is achieved in a short time using a low-intensity irradiation ultraviolet light.

Fabrication of metal nanostructures using natural products has attracted scientists and researchers due to its renewable and environmentally benign availability. This work has prepared an eco-friendly, low-cost, and rapid colorimetric sensor of silver nanoparticles using tree gum as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Several characterization techniques have been exploited to describe the synthesized nanosensor morphology and optical properties. Ultraviolet−Visible (UV−Vis) spectroscopy has been used for monitoring the localized plasmon surface area. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) illustrated the size and shape of silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction spectra showed the crystallography and purity of the product. Silver nanoparticles decorated with almond gum molecules (AgNPs@AG) demonstrated high sensitivity and colorimetric detection of mercury ions in water samples. The method is based on the aggregation of AgNPs and the disappearing yellow color of AgNPs via a spectrophotometer. The detection limit of this method was reported to be 0.5 mg/L. This work aimed to synthesize a rapid, easy-preparation, eco-friendly, and efficient naked-eye colorimetric sensor to detect toxic pollutants in aqueous samples.

The copolymer precursor, poly [4-(4-vinylbenzyl)oxy)phthalonitrile]-co-methyl methacrylate (poly (VBOPN-co-MMA)), was synthesized through copolymerization of VBOPN and MMA at a temperature of 110°C. Subsequently, a single-chain polymer complex of cobalt phthalocyanine (SCP-CoPc) was formed at 150°C by intramolecular macrocyclization between the cobalt and the phthalonitrile group in poly (VBOPN-co-MMA), using excess cyclohexanol. The formation of the SCP-CoPc complex was confirmed through various spectroscopic techniques such as UV/Vis, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. In particular, the disappearance of -CN band at 2232 cm⁻¹ from FT-IR indicated the formation of the SCP-CoPc complex, while the presence of specific absorption bands in the UV/Vis spectrum further confirmed its creation. The electrical, dielectric, optical, and thermal properties of the SCP-CoPc complex and SCP-CoPc/ZnO 5% composites were investigated. The SCP-CoPc/ZnO 5 wt% nanocomposite exhibited improved dielectric and DC conductivity with increasing temperature. The activation energy (Ea) was found to be 0.35 eV for SCP-CoPc and 0.25 eV for SCP-CoPc/ZnO 5 wt% nanocomposite, indicating that the electrical conductivity followed the Arrhenius equation. The optical properties, including band gap, dielectric constant, and refractive index, were calculated for the SCP-CoPc/ZnO 5 wt% nanocomposite. The SCP-CoPc complex possessed a band gap of 2.89 eV, while the SCP-CoPc/ZnO 5 wt% nanocomposite had a slightly reduced band gap of 2.36 eV. The refractive indices of SCP-CoPc and SCP-CoPc/ZnO 5 wt% were also determined.

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique was used in the preparation of Poly [4-((4-vinylbenzyl)oxy) phthalonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate] P(VBOPN 13.4%- co-MMA) at a temperature of 110^oC. Single chain polymer complexed cobalt phthalocyanine (SCP-CoPc) have been synthesized via cyclotautomerization approach using aforementioned copolymer caring VBOPN pendant group to form green colored single chain folded polymer molecule at a high range of temperature 140-150^oC and high dilution condition of cyclohexanol solvent. The formation of cobalt atom collapsed via intramolecular forces into single chain polymer was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy and shows high solubility in most organic solvents. The thermal of SCP-CoPc and nanogaphene-based SCP-CoPc/NG 6 wt% nanocomposite as well as electrical, dielectric, and optical properties of both materials were investigated. SCP-CoPc/NG 6 wt% nanocomposite was observed to have temperature-dependent increases in dielectric and dc. electrical conductivity. The activation energy, E_a was found to be 0.295 eV for the I. region and 0.39 eV for the II region, demonstrating that the conduction followed the Arrhenius equation. Estimates were made regarding the optical constants of SCP-CoPc/NG 6 wt%, specifically the refractive index, the real value of the optical dielectric constant, and the optical band gap. Both the direct band gap and the refractive index of SCP-CoPc and SCP-CoPc/NG 6 wt% were calculated, and the direct band gap of SCP-CoPc was calculated to be 2.83 eV, while the direct band gap of SCP-CoPc/NG 6 wt% was calculated to be 2.58 eV.