Chinese sacbrood disease (CSD), which is caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), is a major viral disease in Apis cerana cerana larvae. Analysis of lipid composition is critical to the study of CSBV replication. The host lipidome profiling during CSBV infection has not been conducted. This paper identified the lipidome of the CSBV–larvae interaction through high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 2164 lipids were detected and divided into 20 categories. Comparison of lipidome between healthy and CSBV infected-larvae showed that 266 lipid species were altered by CSBV infection. Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that various sphingolipid enzymes and the contents of sphingolipids in the larvae were increased, indicating that sphingolipids may be important for CSBV infection. Importantly, Cer (d14:1 + hO/21:0 + O), DG (41:0e), PE (18:0e/18:3), SM (d20:0/19:1), SM (d37:1), TG (16:0/18:1/18:3), TG (18:1/20:4/21:0) and TG (43:7) were significantly altered in both CSBV_24 h vs. CK_24 h and CSBV_48 h vs. CK_48 h. Moreover, TG (39:6), which was increased by more than 10-fold, could be used as a biomarker for the early detection of CSD. This study provides evidence that global lipidome homeostasis in A. c. cerana larvae is remodeled after CSBV infection. Detailed studies in the future may improve the understanding of the relationship between the sphingolipid pathway and CSBV replication.

Insect-associated microorganisms play important roles in the health and development of insects. This study aimed to investigate the similarities and differences in bacterial community structure and composition between the larval gut of Osmia excavata, nest soil, and brood provision from the nest tube. We sequenced larvae gut and their environments’ microorganisms of O. excavata from four locations based on full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed 156, 280, and 366 bacterial OTUs from gut, brood provision, and nest soil, respectively, and three groups shared 131 bacterial OTUs. In the gut, the top two dominant bacteria were Sodalis praecaptivus (68.99%), Lactobacillus micheneri (17.95%). In the brood provision, the top two dominant bacteria were S. praecaptivus (26.66%), Acinetobacter nectaris (13.05%), and in the nest soil, the two most abundant bacteria were Gaiella occulta (4.33%), Vicinamibacter silvestris (3.88%). There were significant differences in diversity between the brood provision groups and the nest soil groups, respectively. Three of the four locations did not differ for gut microbial diversity. Bacteria similar to other solitary bees also existed in the gut of the larvae. Results indicated when the habitat environments were similar, the bacterial community diversity of the gut of O. excavata was similar, despite significant differences among brood provisions and soils, respectively.

To meet the pollination need of economic crops, Osmia excavata has been successfully used to improve the pollination efficiency of Rosaceae and Brassicaceae plants. As a widely used pollinator of economic crops, a systematic study of flower-visiting species and diversities of O. excavata stocked in China was not found. To investigate the foraging pollen species and diversities of O. excavata, beebread from 20 experimental plots in China was collected by the trap-nesting method and analyzed by DNA metabarcoding technology. A total of 26 pollen plants in 14 genera and nine families were identified. A further analysis showed that the richness and abundance of the wild flowering plants in orchards and farmlands were lower than those in the nearby semi-natural habitats. The favorite pollen comes from economic crops apple and rape and wild flowering plants Juncus interior, Rosa gymnocarpa, and Rosa laevigata. Through a diversity index analysis, it was found that the Anhui region has the highest pollen plant diversity, while the Liaoning region has the lowest. Our results can provide a basis for flower-visiting species and diversities of O. excavata.

This study investigated the impact of drying methods on metabolic profiles of Gomphus luteolus, an edible wild fungi valued for its culinary and nutritional properties but limited by rapid post-harvest deterioration. Using untargeted metabolomics, we analyzed non-volatile nutrients and volatile aroma compounds in samples subjected to four drying treatments: Freeze-drying (FD), hot-air-drying (HAD), oven-drying (OD), and sun-drying (SD). Results revealed significant metabolic divergence: FD minimized lipid oxidation and enzymatic degradation, enriching umami amino acids and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids while suppressing undesirable flavors. Conversely, high-temperature methods promoted characteristic mushroom aromas through lipid-derived volatiles and elevated organic acids but caused substantial nutrient losses. Aroma complexity was highest in HAD/OD due to thermally driven reactions, whereas FD preserved baseline profiles. Overall, FD optimized nutrient retention, while thermal treatments enhanced sensory attributes. This work provides molecular-level insights into drying-induced metabolic shifts, establishing a “metabolite-process parameter” framework to guide high-value processing of wild fungi.

Andrena camellia, an effective pollinator of the economicallysignificant crop Camellia oleifera, can withstand the toxic pollen of C. oleifera, making A. camellia a crucial for resource conservation and cultivation of C. oleifera. In this study, the whole genome of A. camellia was sequenced on the Oxford Nanopore platform. The assembled genome size was 340.73 Mb including 50 scaffolds (N50=47.435 Mb) and 131 contigs (N50=17.2 Mb). A total of 11, 258 protein-coding genes were annotated, in addition, 1,104 non-coding RNAs were identified. Further analysis that some chromosomes of A. camellia have a high level of synteny with those of Apis mellifera, Osmia bicornis and Andrena minutula. Thus, our reported genome of A. camellia serves as a valuable resource for studying species evolution, behavioral biology, and adaption to toxic pollen of C. oleifera.

Camellia oleifera is a self‐incompatible woody oil crop endemic to China that relies solely on insect pollination for seed production. Its flowering period, from late October to late December, coincides with seasonally low temperatures that suppress pollinator activity. Two oligolectic bee species, Colletes gigas and Andrena camellia , are Camellia oleifera 's dominant and most efficient pollinators. This study employed ensemble species distribution models (SSDMs) to identify the potential distributions of C. oleifera and these two key pollinators under current and future climate scenarios. We integrated field survey data with open biodiversity database records to simulate suitable habitats and quantify their spatiotemporal overlap. Results indicate that: (1) The distribution of C. oleifera is primarily regulated by mean annual temperature, whereas precipitation of the driest quarter is the key constraint for both pollinator species. (2) Under current climatic conditions, a substantial overlap of 203.38 × 10 ⁴ km ² was observed, accounting for 77.47% of the plant's suitable area and 95.47% of the pollinators' suitable area. (3) Under future scenarios, the total suitable area for both bee species is projected to increase by 21.82%, with the shared area expanding by 14.45% to 232.76 × 10 ⁴ km ² . (4) The geometric centroids of suitable habitats for all three species are projected to shift northwestward, indicating a general migration toward higher latitude. These findings enhance our understanding of plant‐pollinator interaction under climate change and provide actionable insights for the spatial planning of C. oleifera cultivation and the conserving of its key wild pollinators.