This study investigates the spatiotemporal trends of loggerhead turtles along the Croatian Adriatic coast by using stranding data and post-mortem analyses. Information on 620 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), collected in the period between 2010 and 2022, has been analysed. Seasonal stranding variations reveal distinct patterns, indicating season-specific abundance and age-specific mortality in different areas, particularly in the key neritic habitat of the northern Adriatic. The analysis identifies four critical areas in the northeast and central Adriatic showing high stranding densities and provides regional managers with a tool with which to effectively conserve and manage this species. Fishing-induced mortality, collision with vessels, and potential cold stunning are identified as major threats to loggerhead turtles. Post-mortem investigations reveal that longline fishing gear and collisions with vessels are significant age-specific mortality contributors, underscoring the need for targeted conservation efforts in high-risk areas. The study acknowledges potential biases in strandings records but highlights the importance of post-mortem investigations in understanding mortality causes. The findings provide valuable insights for improving conservation strategies, emphasizing the importance of focused surveillance and conservation efforts in identified high-risk locations to mitigate human–turtle interactions.

The infestation of ruminants by fly larvae of the Oestridae family can lead to nasopharyngeal or subcutaneous myiasis, which can harm animal welfare and productivity on sheep and cattle farms. The infestation of wild ruminants allows them to serve as reservoirs for subsequent transfer to domestic animals. The fly species most commonly responsible for myiasis have been well studied in many parts of the world, but less so in southeastern Europe. Here, we identified three botfly species among 197 subcutaneous larvae and 138 nasopharyngeal larvae from 36 wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 9 wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at 30 locations across Croatia. Instars were stored in 75% ethanol and their species and developmental stage were identified based on morphological and morphometric keys. Subcutaneous larvae in both cervid species were identified as Hypoderma diana, while nasopharyngeal larvae were identified as Cephenemyia simulator in roe deer and Pharyngomyia picta in red deer. Partial sequencing of the gene-encoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I confirmed the taxonomic classification of C. stimulator and P. picta but was unable to confirm that of H. diana for lack of previously published sequences. This study appears to be the first to combine the morphological and molecular characterization of myiasis-causing botflies in wild cervids in southeastern Europe.

The red fox, found on all continents except Antarctica, occupies diverse habitats. In Croatia, it is an indigenous wild species with a population density of 0.7 animals per square kilometer. While tumors in wild animals from the Canidae family are scarce, the true prevalence and diversity of tumors are likely underestimated due to limited research. So far, a limited number of tumors have been observed among the red fox population, either in their natural habitat or in captivity. As part of the National Rabies Control Program, we examined 1890 red fox carcasses over a four-year period. Our focus was on identifying abnormalities on the skin and internal organs that suggest potential neoplastic proliferation. Five red foxes, three males and two females, were found to have growths resembling potential tumors. Their age distribution spanned from 2 to 7 years. Microscopic investigation revealed two collagenous hamartomas, two Meibomian gland adenomas, and one intra-abdominal teratoma within a cryptorchid testis. This retrospective study aims to provide a comprehensive description of tumor and tumor-like lesions observed in free-range red foxes from Croatia, marking the first research of its kind in Croatia.

Ferrets are highly susceptible to a wide range of mycobacteria, mainly M. bovis, M. avium, and M. triplex. Therefore, ferrets pose a risk of transmission of mycobacteriosis, especially zoonotically relevant tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to describe the findings of M. xenopi mycobacteriosis in a pet ferret and emphasize its zoonotic potential. A pet ferret had a history of weight loss, apathy, hyporexia, and hair loss. Abdominal ultrasound revealed splenomegaly with two solid masses and cystic lesions of the liver. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli in epithelioid cells, thus leading to the suspicion of mycobacterial infection. Because of its poor general condition, the ferret was euthanized. Necropsy examination revealed generalized granulomatous lymphadenitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, splenitis, and hepatitis. Histologically, in all organs, there were multifocal to coalescing areas of inflammatory infiltration composed of epithelioid macrophages, a low number of lymphocytes, and plasma cells, without necrosis nor multinucleated giant cells. Ziehl–Neelsen staining detected the presence of numerous (multibacillary) acid-fast bacteria, which were PCR-typed as M. xenopi. This is the first study showing the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of M. xenopi in veterinary medicine, describing the resistance to doxycycline. Overall, our results could facilitate further diagnosis and provide guidelines for the treatment protocols for such infections.

Background/Objectives: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly recognized as important opportunistic pathogens at the human–animal–environment interface. Their growing relevance is driven by increasing disease burden, environmental persistence, occurrence in multiple animal hosts and complex antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. Unlike classical zoonotic pathogens, most NTM are primarily acquired from shared environmental reservoirs rather than through sustained host-to-host transmission. This review examines NTM from a One Health perspective, focusing on AMR, ecology, animal occurrence, cross-species exposure and public health relevance. Methods: A narrative review of the current literature was conducted to synthesize evidence on the ecology, environmental reservoirs, occurrence in animals, transmission patterns and AMR mechanisms of NTM. Particular attention was given to studies addressing the human–animal–environment interface and the implications of NTM for One Health surveillance and risk assessment. Results: The reviewed literature shows that NTM are widely distributed in water, soil, sediments and biofilms, creating repeated opportunities for exposure in both animals and humans. They have been reported in livestock, wildlife, companion animals, reptiles and aquatic organisms, where they may act as colonizers, opportunistic pathogens, or sources of diagnostic interference. Evidence for direct animal-to-human transmission remains limited, but animal and environmental findings are important for understanding ecological overlap, host range and circulation of resistant strains. AMR in NTM is shaped by intrinsic resistance, acquired mutations, efflux activity, and biofilm-associated tolerance, which together complicate treatment and resistance prediction. Conclusions: NTM should be considered environmentally maintained, multi-host organisms of increasing One Health importance rather than conventional zoonotic pathogens. Improved interdisciplinary surveillance, diagnostics and research are needed to clarify exposure pathways, resistance development and public health risk.

Bornaviruses are neurotropic, negative-sense RNA viruses with zoonotic potential, notably Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) and variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1). BoDV-1 is endemic in certain regions of Central Europe and maintained in bicolored white-toothed shrews, but its presence in Croatia has not been investigated. Given Croatia’s diverse biogeography and the prevalence of rodent-borne diseases, this study aimed to investigate the presence of orthobornaviruses in wild canids and mustelids. Brain samples from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), golden jackals (Canis aureus moreoticus), wolves (Canis lupus), martens (Martes martes) and badgers (Meles meles) were analysed using pan-bornavirus RT-PCR. Despite successful RNA extraction and internal control amplification, bornavirus RNA was not detected in any of the 860 animal samples tested. Although no orthobornavirus RNA was detected, the results still provide valuable information: bornavirus infections appear to be absent or extremely rare in Croatian wild canids and mustelids. By excluding these species as current potential reservoir hosts, this study helps to refine the geographical extent of bornavirus endemicity and emphasises the importance of continuous One Health surveillance in regions with favourable ecological conditions for zoonotic spillover.