Cancer is a major global concern. Despite considerable advancements in cancer therapy and control, there are still large gaps and requirements for development. In recent years, various naturally occurring anticancer drugs have been derived from natural resources, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, terpenoids, flavones, and polyphenols. Plant-derived substances exhibit their anticancer potential through antiproliferative activity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, angiogenesis and cell cycle arrest. Natural compounds can affect the molecular activity of cells through various signaling pathways, like the cell cycle pathway, STAT-3 pathway, PI3K/Akt, and Ras/MAP-kinase pathways. Capsaicin, ouabain, and lycopene show their anticancer potential through the STAT-3 pathway in breast, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, cervical, ovarian and colon cancers. Epigallocatechin gallate and emodin target the JNK protein in skin, breast, and lung cancers, while berberine, evodiamine, lycorine, and astragalin exhibit anticancer activity against breast, liver, prostate, pancreatic and skin cancers and leukemia through the PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAP-kinase pathways. In vitro/in vivo investigations revealed that secondary metabolites suppress cancer cells by causing DNA damage and activating apoptosis-inducing enzymes. After a meticulous literature review, the anti-cancer potential, mode of action, and clinical trials of 144 bioactive compounds and their synthetic analogues are included in the present work, which could pave the way for using plant-derived bioactives as anticancer agents.

This review meticulously examines the synthesis techniques for 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, focusing on cyclization, condensation reactions and functional group transformations. It enhances the u...

By exploiting the ample biological potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole ring, 4-substitutedphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/Thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl) azetidin-2-one derivatives were prepared. Various substituted azetidin-2-one derivatives have been identified as immunostimulating and antimicrobial, as well as their antioxidant activity. 2-amino 1,3,4 oxadiazole/thiadiazole conjugates were synthesized by mixing semi/thio carbazides and sodium acetate with water and stirring well, followed by adding aldehydes in methanol at room temperature. Acetate (glacial) was used as the catalyst to produce Schiff’s bases (intermediates) by treating substituted aldehydes with 2-amino 1,3,4 oxadiazole/thiadiazole(s). Using the mixture of triethylamine (dropwise) and chloroacetylchloride with vigorous stirring, 4-substitutedphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/Thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl) azetidin-2-one derivatives were prepared. The newly synthesized conjugates were evaluated for their anticancer potential using MCF-7 cell lines. Amoxicillin and fluconazole were used as reference drugs to determine their antimicrobial activity. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In vitro cytotoxicity screening (MTTS assay) revealed that derivatives AZ-5, 9, 10, 14 and 19 demonstrated high efficacy with the percentage of inhibition at different concentration ranges (0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM) of 89% to 94% μM as compared to doxorubicin as standard drug. The antimicrobial study indicated that compounds AZ-10, 19, and AZ-20 were found to have significant antimicrobial potential with MIC ranges of 3.34 µM to 3.71 µM in comparison to reference drugs having 4.29 µM to 5.10 µM. Based on antioxidant screening, most of the synthetic derivatives showed greater stability and effectiveness than the standard drug. According to the antioxidant screening, compounds AZ-5 and AZ-15 (IC₅₀ = 45.02 μg/mL and 42.88 μg/mL, respectively) showed the greatest potency, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ = 78.63 μg/mL). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of synthesized novel derivatives revealed that para-substituted halogen and nitro derivatives have remarkable potential against MCF-7 cancer cell lines and different microbial strains. Current evidence indicates that the synthesized derivatives may be promising candidates for use in the prevention and treatment of these infections. These synthesized compounds require further mechanism-based research to understand how they interact with the cells.

Background: The purpose of the current study is to describe the technological, functional, and regulatory aspects of 3D printing. It also discusses the challenges and future aspects of 3D printing. The process of digital fabrication, commonly known as 3D printing or additive manufacturing, involves gradually adding materials to a geometric representation to produce actual items. In the fields of agriculture, healthcare, industries, 3D printing is being used more and more for mass modification and manufacture of any kinds of open source design. In tissue engineering, 3D printing is a crucial tool for creating intricate frameworks using biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting elements. Methods: With the use of the keywords 3D printing, Stereolithography, Fused deposition modelling, tissue scaffolds, and regulatory considerations, searches were conducted in the databases Pubmed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Studies that included technological, functional, and future factors were found and given more consideration. Results: This review covered every class of 3D printing and their relative importance. Tissue engineering and tissue scaffolds have been thoroughly addressed in relation to applications of 3D technology to define the use of 3D printing. The regulatory elements of 3D printing have also been discussed, along with the challenges and potential outcomes. Conclusion: The technological, functional, and regulatory implications of 3D printing were discussed in the current study. Graphical

Alopecia areata (AA) is a kind of alopecia that affects hair follicles and nails. It typically comes with round patches and is a type of nonscarring hair loss. Various therapies are accessible for ...