This paper presents a novel incentive-based load shedding management scheme within a microgrid environment equipped with the required IoT infrastructure. The proposed mechanism works on the principles of reverse combinatorial auction. We consider a region of multiple consumers who are willing to curtail their load in the peak hours in order to gain some incentives later. Using the properties of combinatorial auctions, the participants can bid in packages or combinations in order to maximize their and overall social welfare of the system. The winner determination problem of the proposed combinatorial auction, determined using particle swarm optimization algorithm and hybrid genetic algorithm, is also presented in this paper. The performance evaluation and stability test of the proposed scheme are simulated using MATLAB and presented in this paper. The results indicate that combinatorial auctions are an excellent choice for load shedding management where a maximum of 50 users participate.

Perovskite inorganic-organic solar cells are fabricated as a sandwich structure of mesostructured TiO₂ as electron transport layer (ETL), CH₃NH₃PbI₃ as active material layer (AML), and Spiro-OMeTAD as hole transport layer (HTL). The crystallinity, structural morphology, and thickness of TiO₂ layer play a crucial role to improve the overall device performance. The randomly distributed one dimensional (1D) TiO₂ nanowires (TNWs) provide excellent light trapping with open voids for active filling of visible light absorber compared to bulk TiO₂. Solid-state photovoltaic devices based on randomly distributed TNWs and CH₃NH₃PbI₃ are fabricated with high open circuit voltage V_oc of 0.91 V, with conversion efficiency (CE) of 7.4%. Mott-Schottky analysis leads to very high built-in potential (V_bi) ranging from 0.89 to 0.96 V which indicate that there is no depletion layer voltage modulation in the perovskite solar cells fabricated with TNWs of different lengths. Moreover, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis revealed larger fraction of photo-generated charges due to light trapping and distribution due to field convergence via guided modes, and improved light trapping capability at the interface of TNWs/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ compared to bulk TiO₂.