Dinilhuda A, Akbar AA, Jumiati, Herawati H. 2020. Potential of mangrove ecosystem as carbon storage for global warming mitigation. Biodiversitas 21: 5353-5362. The mangrove ecosystem in Karimunting Bay of West Kalimantan, Indonesia is one of the conservation areas with an area of 138.2 ha. Vegetation making up of that mangrove ecosystem is dominated by Avicennia marina. The existence of mangroves has a role in carbon storage. The ability to store carbon in mangrove forest ecosystems is four times greater than in other tropical forests around the world. Mangrove stems have the greatest ability in storing carbon by up to 55.52%. The research objective was to analyze the potential for carbon storage in the fringe mangrove ecosystem which was dominated by A. marina. This research method is based on a survey of vegetation density in the field. The survey was carried out in Karimunting Bay in three parts of the bay, north, central, and south. Each part of the bay consists of two locations, namely at the front of the breakwater towards the sea and behind the breakwater towards the land. Each location consisted of a plot of 10 x 10 with five replications. The vegetation parameters measured are the types of growth forms, the mangrove ecosystem species, and the diameter and height of the trees, as well as environmental parameters (pH, temperature, and salinity). Destructive method was used on A. marina stems for estimating analysis of mangrove carbon storage in the laboratory. A. marina stem samples were used to test the carbon content with LOI (Lost on Ignition) analysis. Analysis of changes in mangrove area is based on the 2009 and 2019 landscape images. The results show that the mangrove ecosystem of Karimunting Bay has a total density of 177,480 individuals/ha. The amount of carbon storage reached 99,231 mg/ha in 2019 and predictions of total carbon storage over the last 10 years are as much as 13,717,951 tons. Deposits of carbon in fringe mangrove illustrate the carbon dioxide absorption potential of 36,390,608 tons of CO2. The amount of CO2 absorption in fringe mangrove ecosystem type plays a role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with a conditional target according to the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2030 of 834 million tons of CO2 to prevent temperature increases.

Ekosistem mangrove merupakan ekosistem di daerah pesisir tropis dan subtropis yang berperan penting sebagai ekosistem pelindung pantai dari abrasi dan tsunami; produsen makanan bagi makhluk hidup pesisir serta ekosistem penyerap dan penyimpan karbon bagi ekosistem pesisir. Sebagai penyerap dan penyimpan karbon, mangrove dapat menyimpan karbon lebih banyak dari hampir semua ekosistem di bumi, sehingga ekosistem ini dapat berperan penting pula dalam upaya mitigasi pemanasan global. Mangrove dapat menyimpan karbon lebih banyak dari hampir semua ekosistem di bumi. Hampir 40% dari biomassa pohon adalah karbon, dimana melalui proses fotosintesis dapat menyerap karbon dioksida dari atmosfer dan mengubahnya menjadi karbon organik (karbohidrat). Penyimpanan karbon pada ekosistem mangrove dapat dalam biomassa vegetasinya seperti dalam batang, daun, akar, umbi, buah dan lainnya. Estimasi potensi penyimpanan karbon dalam vegetasi mangrove sebagai mitigasi pemanasan global, menjadikan indikator penting bagi konservasi ekosistem mangrove. Kata Kunci : Mangrove, Pemanasan Global, Dampak

ABSTRAK Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan pantai di negara tropis dan sebagian negara subtropis akibat perilaku manusia. Perilaku manusia yang menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan adalah memanfaatkan sumberdaya alam pesisir tanpa memperhatikan keberlanjutan sumber daya alam dan daya dukung lingkungannya. Kerusakan lingkungan pantai yang umum terjadi di negara tropis dan sebagian subtropis adalah erosi pantai dan degradasi ekosistem hutan bakau. Kerusakan lingkungan pantai ini akibat alih fungsi lahan menjadi jaringan jalan, permukiman, lahan pertanian/ perkebunan, pertambakan, dan pertambangan pasir. Kerusakan lingkungan pantai mempengaruhi kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat setempat seperti hilangnya badan jalan, permukiman, lahan pertanian, dan fasilitas umum akibat abrasi pantai. Upaya penanggulangan kerusakan lingkungan pantai sebagai bagian dari adaptasi manusia mempertahankan kehidupannya berupa pembangunan pemecah gelombang (breakwaters) dan rehabilitasi ekosistem hutan bakau. Upaya penanggulangan bencana tersebut tentunya membutuhkan biaya yang besar dan waktu lama daripada upaya pencegahan. Oleh karena itu, perubahan pola pikir baik pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan, mengelola dan melestarikan sumber daya alam perlu ditingkatkan melalui perbaikan informasi, ilmu pengetahuan, dan strategi perencanaan yang holistik.Kata kunci: erosi pantai, kerusakan ekosistem hutan bakau, alih fungsi lahan, pemecah gelombang, rehabilitasiABSTRACTThis paper aims to assess the coastal degradation in tropical and subtropical countries in part due to human behavior. Human behavior is causing coastal degradation is to utilize natural resources without regard to the sustainability of coastal natural resources and the carrying capacity of the environment. Degradation of coastal common in most tropical and subtropical countries are coastal erosion and degradation of mangrove ecosystems. This coastal degradation as a result of land conversion into roads, settlements, agricultural/ plantation, aquaculture, and sand mining. Coastal degradation affects the socio-economic conditions of local communities such as loss roads, settlements, land and public facilities as a result of coastal erosion. Efforts to cope to the coastal degradation as part of human adaptation to sustain life in the form of construction of breakwaters and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems. The disaster relief certainly require a plenty of cost and time than prevention. Therefore, changes in the mindset of both the government and the public in using, managing and conserving natural resources should be increased through improvement of information, knowledge, and holistic planning strategies.Keywords: coastal erosion, mangrove ecosystem degradation, land use, breakwaters, rehabilitationCara sitasi: Akbar,A.,A., Sartohadi., J., Djohan, T.S. and Ritohardoyo, S. (2017). Erosi Pantai, Ekosistem Hutan Bakau dan Adaptasi Masyarakat Terhadap Bencana Kerusakan Pantai Di negara Tropis. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan,15(1),1-10, doi:10.14710/jil.15.1.1-10

Fulfilling the need for clean water and proper sanitation is, globally, a basic human requirement, and Indonesia is no exception. Clean water and adequate sanitation are the sixth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and targets include to ensure the availability of clean water and sustainable sanitation for all by 2030. The achievement of targets in water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is still lagging behind other fields. There are differences in the ease of obtaining access to clean water sources in urban and rural areas, especially for rural communities living on peatlands who experience issues in being provided with clean water. The difficulty is that, even though the amount of available water is relatively large, its quality is low. Barriers to the equitable distribution of services by the government to the entire community are caused by the limited availability of funding, the geographical conditions of scattered settlements, and the limited capacity of human resources. As a result of this problem, it is necessary to formulate a management strategy for providing access to clean water and sanitation for rural communities on peatlands. This research uses the case-study method. The management strategy was formulated on the basis of the environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the community. This method was used to test the effectiveness of the formulated strategy in realizing water security on peatlands in the village of Wajok Hilir. The resulting management strategy can be applied to other villages that have the same land characteristics. The strategy to realize water security for rural communities on peatlands is a self-service strategy. The implementation of the self-service strategy needs to be supported by infrastructure in the form of peat water treatment plant buildings, wells drilled to aquifer depths, and canal blocking to control the groundwater level in peatlands. The management strategy is carried out with community participation, considering that peatlands are a potential water source to meet clean water needs and achieve sustainable water security targets. Efforts to implement the self-service strategy are carried out with these methods: (1) socialization carried out in an integrated manner, (2) infrastructure development as a pilot project, (3) providing knowledge about infrastructure operations, (4) providing temporary assistance to the community, and (5) providing material supplies so that rural communities that are partners can become pioneers of similar movements.

Ekosistem mangrove di pesisir Kayong Utara yang termasuk dalam wilayah administrasi Kecamatan Sukadana memiliki luas 1277,5 ha. Ekosistem mangrove sendiri memiliki berbagai fungsi dan manfaat, beberapa diantaranya yaitu manfaat dalam sektor perikanan, pariwisata dan sebagai mitigasi bencana seperti abrasi pantai. Keberadaan mangrove ini dasarnya memiliki nilai yang bisa dinilai dengan mata uang atas dasar manfaat yang diberikan oleh ekosistem ini. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persepsi masyarakat terhadap keberadaan mangrove dan pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat serta mengestimasikan nilai ekonomi total atas dasar penggunaan ekosistem mangrove. Lokasi penelitian diambil di 7 Desa yang terdapat di pesisir Kayong Utara wilayah administrasi Kecamatan Sukadana. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi lapangan, wawancara dengan kuesioner, pengambilan data instasional dan studi literatur. Metode analisis data yang digunakan yaitu Market Price (MP) untuk mengetahui nilai manfaat langsung ekosistem mangrove dalam perikanan, Travel Cost Method (TCM) untuk mengetahui manfaat langsung dalam sektor pariwisata dan Replacement Cost (RC) untuk mengetahui manfaat tidak langsung sebagai penahan abrasi pantai. Masyarakat memandang pengertian mangrove dalam tiga hal yaitu mangrove adalah tumbuhan bakau, mangrove adalah tempat wisata dan mangrove adalah tumbuhan yang berada di pesisir pantai. Sedangkan untuk manfaat mangrove dalam sudut pandang masyarakat terbagi atas yaitu mangrove untuk memperindah pantai, rumah tinggal ikan, benteng pertahanan pantai dan sisanya tidak atau kurang mengetahui manfaat mangrove. Terdapat sepuluh jenis vegetasi mangrove dan tiga diantaranya umum dimanfaatkan oleh msyarakat setempat yaitu Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora sp. dan Xylocarpus granatum. Kemudian hasil valuasi dengan tiga variabel yang dihitung yaitu nilai manfaat langsung hasil perikanan yaitu sebesar Rp32.573.365.665,00/tahun, nilai manfaat langsung parisiwata Rp8.704.000,00/tahun, nilai manfaat tidak langsung penahan abrasi pantai Rp42.104.162.362,50/tahun. Sehingga nilai ekonomi total ekosistem mangrove di Pesisir Kayong Utara yaitu sebesar Rp74.686.232.027,50/tahun.ABSTRACTThe mangrove ecosystem on the coast of Kayong Utara which is included in the administrative area of Sukadana District has an area of 1277.5 ha. The mangrove ecosystem itself has various functions and benefits, some of which are benefits in the fisheries sector, tourism and as disaster mitigation such as coastal abrasion. The existence of this mangrove basically has a value that can be assessed in currency on the basis of the benefits provided by this ecosystem. So, this study aims to analyze and assess the benefits of mangroves to the community and to estimate the total economic value of the use of mangrove ecosystems. The research locations were taken in 7 villages located on the coast of Kayong Utara the administrative area of Sukadana District. Data collection techniques were carried out using field observations, interviews with questionnaires, institutional data collection and literature studies. The data analysis method used is Market Price (MP) to determine the value of direct benefits of mangrove ecosystems in fisheries, Travel Cost Method (TCM) to determine direct benefits in the tourism sector and Replacement Cost (RC) to determine indirect benefits as a barrier to coastal abrasion. The community views the understanding of mangroves in three ways, namely mangroves are mangrove plants, mangroves are tourist attractions and mangroves are plants that are on the coast. Meanwhile, the benefits of mangroves in the community's point of view are divided into mangroves to beautify the beach, fish houses, coastal fortifications and the rest do not or do not know the benefits of mangroves. There are 10 mangrove vegetation and 3 of them are commonly used by local people, namely Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora sp. and Xylocarpus granatum. Then the results of the valuation with three variables calculated, namely the value of direct benefits of fishery products, which is IDR32,573,365,665.00/year, the value of direct benefits to tourism is IDR8,704,000.00/year and the value of barrier to coastal abrasion is IDR42,104,162,362.50/year. So, the total economic value of the mangrove ecosystem in the Kayong Utara Coast is IDR74,686,232,027.50/year.

The tin mining process removes soil layers so that the soil becomes dry and nutrient-poor. Reclamation of tin mining in Selingsing, Gantung Sub-district, Belitung Timur Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province has been carried out through revegetation using beach Casuarina plants, but plant growth is slow. On of the efforts that can be made to improve plant growth to restore land and forest conditions is using the biopore technique combined with organic litter and bioactivator solution. This study was therefore aimed to elucidate the effect of the biopore technique on soil quality and the growth of beach Casuarina on the reclaimed former tin mine land. Treatments tested were the use of bamboo biopores and without the use of bamboo biopores, with five replications in each treatment. The effect of variation was measured based on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lead contents in the root zone and plant growth (plant height and diameter). The results showed that compared to those without biopore treatment, the biopore treatment significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents by 0.67%, 2.12%, and 19%, respectively. The organic component of biopore treatment influenced the formation of metal bonds, as indicated by a decrease in lead content by 0.35%. The best plant height of 42 cm was observed in the treatment without biopore, and the best plant diameter of 2.9 cm was in the biopore treatment.