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Wildfires and prescribed fires cause a range of impacts on forest soils depending on the interactions of a nexus of fire severity, scale of fire, slope, infiltration rates, and post-fire rainfall. These factors determine the degree of impact on forest soils and subsequently the need for post-fire soil management. Fire is a useful tool in landscape management but it can be benign or set off serious deteriorations in soil quality that lead to long-term desertification. If parts of the nexus are absent or not inherently risky, forest soil impacts can be relatively minor or nonexistent. A low severity prescribed fire on a small landscape unit with minimal fuel loading, slopes less than 10%, and no water repellency is unlikely to damage soil condition and functions with all but heavy rainfall. On the other hand, a high severity wildfire in a substantial area of heavy fuels with slopes >100% and water repellency may undergo serious soil damage with even moderate rainfall. Soil management is not likely to be needed in the former case but virtually impossible in the latter scenario. This paper examines thresholds in the nexus factors which can raise the risks of wildland fire from low and moderate to high. It documents the interactions of the fire nexus using several case histories in North America and elsewhere to demonstrate different degrees of soil impact. Copyright © 2019. . © Soil Science Society of America.
Daniel G. Neary. Forest Soil Disturbance: Implications of Factors Contributing to the Wildland Fire Nexus. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2019, 83, S228 -S243.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary. Forest Soil Disturbance: Implications of Factors Contributing to the Wildland Fire Nexus. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2019; 83 (S1):S228-S243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary. 2019. "Forest Soil Disturbance: Implications of Factors Contributing to the Wildland Fire Nexus." Soil Science Society of America Journal 83, no. S1: S228-S243.
Daniel G. Neary. Impacts of Bio-Based Energy Generation Fuels on Water and Soil Resources. Energy Systems and Environment 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary. Impacts of Bio-Based Energy Generation Fuels on Water and Soil Resources. Energy Systems and Environment. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary. 2018. "Impacts of Bio-Based Energy Generation Fuels on Water and Soil Resources." Energy Systems and Environment , no. : 1.
Jackson M. Leonard; Hugo A. Magaña; Randy K. Bangert; Daniel G. Neary; Willson L. Montgomery. Fire and Floods: The Recovery of Headwater Stream Systems Following High-Severity Wildfire. Fire Ecology 2017, 13, 62 -84.
AMA StyleJackson M. Leonard, Hugo A. Magaña, Randy K. Bangert, Daniel G. Neary, Willson L. Montgomery. Fire and Floods: The Recovery of Headwater Stream Systems Following High-Severity Wildfire. Fire Ecology. 2017; 13 (3):62-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJackson M. Leonard; Hugo A. Magaña; Randy K. Bangert; Daniel G. Neary; Willson L. Montgomery. 2017. "Fire and Floods: The Recovery of Headwater Stream Systems Following High-Severity Wildfire." Fire Ecology 13, no. 3: 62-84.
Herbicide use varies both spatially and temporally within managed forests. While information exists on the effects of herbicide use on water quality at the site and small catchment scale, little is known about the cumulative effects of herbicide use at the landscape scale. A cumulative effects analysis was conducted in the upper Rangitaiki catchment (118,345 ha) in New Zealand, to determine the risk to water quality from two herbicides commonly used for post-plant weed control: terbuthylazine and hexazinone. Data from a 12.5 ha catchment study within the Rangitaiki Basin, where these herbicides were aerially applied in two consecutive years, were used to model herbicide concentrations entering the Rangitaiki River for the remaining treated areas in the catchment for the same two spray seasons. A spreadsheet model routed herbicide residues from their point of entry into the river to a flow gauge on the Rangitaiki River. Modeling of chemical residue loadings and concentrations of terbuthylazine and hexazinone indicated that potential herbicide residues in stream waters would be mainly below analytical detection limits and pose no risk to the aquatic environment or human health and safety. Safety factors for drinking water quality standards, aquatic organisms, and human Acceptable Daily Intake levels were very large.
Daniel G. Neary; Brenda R. Baillie. Cumulative Effects Analysis of the Water Quality Risk of Herbicides Used for Site Preparation in the Central North Island, New Zealand. Water 2016, 8, 573 .
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, Brenda R. Baillie. Cumulative Effects Analysis of the Water Quality Risk of Herbicides Used for Site Preparation in the Central North Island, New Zealand. Water. 2016; 8 (12):573.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; Brenda R. Baillie. 2016. "Cumulative Effects Analysis of the Water Quality Risk of Herbicides Used for Site Preparation in the Central North Island, New Zealand." Water 8, no. 12: 573.
Forested catchments throughout the world are known for producing high quality water for human use. In the 20th Century, experimental forest catchment studies played a key role in studying the processes contributing to high water quality. The hydrologic processes investigated on these paired catchments have provided the science base for examining water quality responses to natural disturbances such as wildfire, insect outbreaks, and extreme hydrologic events, and human-induced disturbances such as timber harvesting, site preparation, prescribed fires, fertilizer applications, pesticide usage, rainfall acidification, and mining. This paper compares and contrasts the paired catchment approach with landscape-level water resource monitoring to highlight the information on hydrologic processes provided by the paired catchment approach that is not provided by the broad-brush landscape monitoring.
Daniel G. Neary. Long-Term Forest Paired Catchment Studies: What Do They Tell Us That Landscape-Level Monitoring Does Not? Forests 2016, 7, 164 .
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary. Long-Term Forest Paired Catchment Studies: What Do They Tell Us That Landscape-Level Monitoring Does Not? Forests. 2016; 7 (12):164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary. 2016. "Long-Term Forest Paired Catchment Studies: What Do They Tell Us That Landscape-Level Monitoring Does Not?" Forests 7, no. 12: 164.
Daniel G. Neary. Best Management Practices for Forest Bioenergy Programs. Advances in Bioenergy 2015, 333 -350.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary. Best Management Practices for Forest Bioenergy Programs. Advances in Bioenergy. 2015; ():333-350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary. 2015. "Best Management Practices for Forest Bioenergy Programs." Advances in Bioenergy , no. : 333-350.
Daniel G. Neary; Karen A. Koestner. Forest Bioenergy Feedstock Harvesting Effects on Water Supply. Advances in Bioenergy 2015, 317 -331.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, Karen A. Koestner. Forest Bioenergy Feedstock Harvesting Effects on Water Supply. Advances in Bioenergy. 2015; ():317-331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; Karen A. Koestner. 2015. "Forest Bioenergy Feedstock Harvesting Effects on Water Supply." Advances in Bioenergy , no. : 317-331.
This study examined the effects of two types of parent material, sandstone and limestone, on the response of vegetation growth after the 1990 Dude Fire in central Arizona. The operating hypothesis of the study was that, given the right conditions, severe wildfire can trigger vegetation type conversion. Overall, three patterns emerged: (1) oak density increased by 413% from unburned sites to burned sites, with the highest densities occurring on sandstone soils; (2) weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula Nees), a very aggressive non-native grass species seeded after the fire, now makes up 81% of the total herbaceous cover in the burned area; and (3) bare ground cover is 150% higher and litter cover is 50% lower in the burned area. Soil analysis was not definitive enough to differentiate impacts between parent materials however it was useful in quantifying the long-term impact of the fire on soils. The results of this study support the idea that catastrophic fire events can trigger vegetation type conversion and that perennial, non-native species used in rehabilitation efforts can persist within the ecosystem for long periods of time. Hence, the recovery period needed for the Dude Fire site to revert back to a pine-oak dominated forest could be on the scale of many decades to centuries.
Jackson M. Leonard; Alvin L. Medina; Daniel G. Neary; Aregai Tecle. The Influence of Parent Material on Vegetation Response 15 years after the Dude Fire, Arizona. Forests 2015, 6, 613 -635.
AMA StyleJackson M. Leonard, Alvin L. Medina, Daniel G. Neary, Aregai Tecle. The Influence of Parent Material on Vegetation Response 15 years after the Dude Fire, Arizona. Forests. 2015; 6 (12):613-635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJackson M. Leonard; Alvin L. Medina; Daniel G. Neary; Aregai Tecle. 2015. "The Influence of Parent Material on Vegetation Response 15 years after the Dude Fire, Arizona." Forests 6, no. 12: 613-635.
Brenda R. Baillie; Daniel G. Neary; Stefan Gous; Carol A. Rolando. Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthyla - zine in a New Zealand Planted Forest. Journal of Sustainable Watershed Science and Management 2015, 2, 118 -129.
AMA StyleBrenda R. Baillie, Daniel G. Neary, Stefan Gous, Carol A. Rolando. Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthyla - zine in a New Zealand Planted Forest. Journal of Sustainable Watershed Science and Management. 2015; 2 (1):118-129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrenda R. Baillie; Daniel G. Neary; Stefan Gous; Carol A. Rolando. 2015. "Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthyla - zine in a New Zealand Planted Forest." Journal of Sustainable Watershed Science and Management 2, no. 1: 118-129.
Brenda Baillie; Daniel G. Neary; Stefan Gous; Carol A. Rolando. Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest. Journal of Sustainable Watershed Science and Management 2015, 2, 118 -129.
AMA StyleBrenda Baillie, Daniel G. Neary, Stefan Gous, Carol A. Rolando. Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest. Journal of Sustainable Watershed Science and Management. 2015; 2 (1):118-129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrenda Baillie; Daniel G. Neary; Stefan Gous; Carol A. Rolando. 2015. "Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest." Journal of Sustainable Watershed Science and Management 2, no. 1: 118-129.
Forest ecosystems produce the best quality and most consistent supplies of water for human use. The increase in the use of woody biomass as a feedstock for bioenergy production has raised questions about potential impacts on water quality. Best management practices (BMPs) have been developed and implemented since the early 1970s to ensure that forest harvesting can be conducted with minimum impact on water quality. Although BMPs were originally designed to minimize water quality impacts, they can be used for a variety of environmental concerns. The use of BMPs is widespread in developed countries and it varies from mandatory to voluntary. In many countries BMPs are incorporated in ‘Codes of Forest Practice’ that guide forest managers through the complete bioenergy life cycle. The development and application of BMPs is not a static process, but one that relies on a continual cycle of application, assessment and monitoring, and refinement. Although some countries have “national standards,“ the complex matrix of forest ecosystems, climates, soils and topography, and harvesting systems requires ongoing assessment, monitoring, and refinement to craft BMPs to best suit local conditions. Research and development studies play a key part in the refinement and communication of improved BMPs. They are also crucial in validating the effectiveness of BMPs. This is especially important where local environmental conditions or operational standards are unique. BMPs ensure that forest bioenergy programs can be a sustainable part of forest management and renewable energy production.
Daniel G. Neary. Best management practices for forest bioenergy programs. WIREs Energy and Environment 2013, 2, 614 -632.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary. Best management practices for forest bioenergy programs. WIREs Energy and Environment. 2013; 2 (6):614-632.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary. 2013. "Best management practices for forest bioenergy programs." WIREs Energy and Environment 2, no. 6: 614-632.
Water flowing from forested catchments, both unmanaged and managed, is highly valued in terms of both quantity and quality. Increasing energy production using wood feedstocks produces varying degrees of impacts and thereby raises concerns about environmental impacts on the highly valued water supply resources of forest ecosystems. The term water supply encompasses both key components of water quantity and water quality. Water quantity considers the amount of increases or decreases, timing, consistency, and relative magnitude of water yields. Plant nutrients (anions and cations), fertilizers, herbicides, ash additions, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, bacteria, and sediment comprise water quality. Within the life cycle of forest bioenergy, operational activities during stand establishment, midrotation silviculture, harvesting, product transportation, wood storage, energy production, and ash recycling create variable levels of impacts. Disturbance levels associated with bioenergy operations depend on their type, intensity, frequency, duration, timing, area of extent, and the level of best management practices (BMPs) employed for mitigating of soil disturbances. Feedstock growing, stand tending, harvesting, and wood transportation are considered nonpoint source disturbances since they occur over larger landscapes than energy production activities, which are usually localized at power plants. Water-quantity effects of forest bioenergy production are normally associated with vegetation management and related soil disturbances. Water-quality effects mostly occur as a result of soil disturbances during harvesting, the use of intra-rotation silvicultural chemicals (ash, fertilizers, and herbicides), and inter-rotation site preparation for forest regeneration. Using existing practices designed for environmental protection (BMPs), forest bioenergy programs are completely compatible with maintaining high-quality water supplies in forested catchments. This article is categorized under:
Daniel G. Neary; Karen A. Koestner. Forest bioenergy feedstock harvesting effects on water supply. WIREs Energy and Environment 2012, 1, 270 -284.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, Karen A. Koestner. Forest bioenergy feedstock harvesting effects on water supply. WIREs Energy and Environment. 2012; 1 (3):270-284.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; Karen A. Koestner. 2012. "Forest bioenergy feedstock harvesting effects on water supply." WIREs Energy and Environment 1, no. 3: 270-284.
Boris Poff; Karen A. Koestner; Daniel G. Neary; David Merritt. Threats to western United States riparian ecosystems: A bibliography. Threats to western United States riparian ecosystems: A bibliography 2012, 269, 1 .
AMA StyleBoris Poff, Karen A. Koestner, Daniel G. Neary, David Merritt. Threats to western United States riparian ecosystems: A bibliography. Threats to western United States riparian ecosystems: A bibliography. 2012; 269 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoris Poff; Karen A. Koestner; Daniel G. Neary; David Merritt. 2012. "Threats to western United States riparian ecosystems: A bibliography." Threats to western United States riparian ecosystems: A bibliography 269, no. : 1.
Peter F. Ffolliott; Gerald J. Gottfried; Hui Chen; Cody L. Stropki; Daniel G. Neary. Fire effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands. Fire effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands 2012, 95, 1 .
AMA StylePeter F. Ffolliott, Gerald J. Gottfried, Hui Chen, Cody L. Stropki, Daniel G. Neary. Fire effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands. Fire effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands. 2012; 95 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter F. Ffolliott; Gerald J. Gottfried; Hui Chen; Cody L. Stropki; Daniel G. Neary. 2012. "Fire effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands." Fire effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands 95, no. : 1.
Daniel G. Neary; Alvin L. Medina; John N. Rinne. Synthesis of Upper Verde River research and monitoring 1993-2008. Synthesis of Upper Verde River research and monitoring 1993-2008 2012, 291, 1 .
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, Alvin L. Medina, John N. Rinne. Synthesis of Upper Verde River research and monitoring 1993-2008. Synthesis of Upper Verde River research and monitoring 1993-2008. 2012; 291 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; Alvin L. Medina; John N. Rinne. 2012. "Synthesis of Upper Verde River research and monitoring 1993-2008." Synthesis of Upper Verde River research and monitoring 1993-2008 291, no. : 1.
Peter F. Ffolliott; Gerald J. Gottfried; Cody L. Stropki; Hui Chen; Daniel G. Neary. Fire effects on tree overstories in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region. Fire effects on tree overstories in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region 2011, 86, 1 .
AMA StylePeter F. Ffolliott, Gerald J. Gottfried, Cody L. Stropki, Hui Chen, Daniel G. Neary. Fire effects on tree overstories in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region. Fire effects on tree overstories in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region. 2011; 86 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter F. Ffolliott; Gerald J. Gottfried; Cody L. Stropki; Hui Chen; Daniel G. Neary. 2011. "Fire effects on tree overstories in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region." Fire effects on tree overstories in the oak savannas of the Southwestern Borderlands Region 86, no. : 1.
In Australia, farmers and natural resource managers are striving to enhance environmental outcomes at farm and catchment scales by planting streamside management zones (SMZs) on farms with trees and other perennial vegetation. Lack of sound information on and funding for establishing and managing trees in SMZs is hindering wide-scale adoption of this practice. Australian Codes of Forest Practice discourage or prevent harvesting of trees in SMZs of perennial streams. One concern is the potential effect of tree harvesting in SMZs on delivery of sediment to adjacent streams. The aims of this paper were to summarize the literature relevant to this concern and, in one case study in an agricultural context, to determine the effects on turbidity of harvesting a SMZ plantation.
Daniel G. Neary; Philip J. Smethurst; Brenda R. Baillie; Kevin C. Petrone; William E. Cotching; Craig C. Baillie. Does tree harvesting in streamside management zones adversely affect stream turbidity?—preliminary observations from an Australian case study. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2010, 10, 652 -670.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, Philip J. Smethurst, Brenda R. Baillie, Kevin C. Petrone, William E. Cotching, Craig C. Baillie. Does tree harvesting in streamside management zones adversely affect stream turbidity?—preliminary observations from an Australian case study. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2010; 10 (4):652-670.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; Philip J. Smethurst; Brenda R. Baillie; Kevin C. Petrone; William E. Cotching; Craig C. Baillie. 2010. "Does tree harvesting in streamside management zones adversely affect stream turbidity?—preliminary observations from an Australian case study." Journal of Soils and Sediments 10, no. 4: 652-670.
The most sustainable and best quality fresh water sources in the world originate in forest ecosystems. The biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of forest soils are particularly well suited to delivering high quality water to streams, moderating stream hydrology, and providing diverse aquatic habitat. Forest soils feature litter layers and high organic contents, both of which contribute to an abundant and diverse micro- and macro-fauna. Root systems under forests are extensive and relatively deep compared to agricultural lands and grasslands. Together, these biological conditions create soils with high macroporosity, low bulk density, and highly saturated hydraulic conductivities and infiltration rates. Consequently, surface runoff is rare in forest environments, and most rainfall moves to streams by subsurface flow pathways where nutrient uptake, cycling, and contaminant sorption processes are rapid. Because of the dominance of subsurface flow processes, peak flows are moderated and baseflows are prolonged. Conversion of forests to row crops, pastures, or lawns almost always results in deterioration of water quality. In North America, the majority of municipalities ultimately rely on forested watersheds to provide adequate quantities of high quality water for human use. This is particularly true in the western and eastern parts of the continent where human populations are large or growing rapidly. Forest soils provide the perfect conditions for creating high quality water supplies. This paper provides a historical perspective of the linkage between forest soils and water quantity and quality over the past century, and it also makes predictions about research directions in the area of forest soil and water quality linkages.
Daniel G. Neary; George G. Ice; C. Rhett Jackson. Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity. Forest Ecology and Management 2009, 258, 2269 -2281.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, George G. Ice, C. Rhett Jackson. Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity. Forest Ecology and Management. 2009; 258 (10):2269-2281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; George G. Ice; C. Rhett Jackson. 2009. "Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 10: 2269-2281.
Ponderosa pine forests in the western United States are undergoing restoration treatments in form of tree harvesting and prescribed fire on an unprecedented scale to reduce the risk of catastrophic, stand replacing wildfires, especially in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI). National Forests within the ponderosa pine region of the Interior West are realizing early on in their NEPA analysis process for fuels treatments that there is a gap in watershed response data. In past forest watershed research, fuel treatments, specifically thinning in combination with prescribed fire, were never properly evaluated by watershed-scale research studies. The Mogollon Rim Ranger District, Coconino National Forest, Arizona, determined in its planning process that it needed to obtain watershed response information, namely watershed yield, peak flows, as well as soil and vegetative responses on a watershed scale, in order to prepare adequate NEPA documents for future fuels treatments. The District's plan to implement a fuels reduction project both within and outside of the WUI within the Beaver Creek Experimental Watershed presented a unique opportunity to expand upon existing knowledge, and fill in critical treatment-effects information gaps. This effort will help not only the Mogollon Rim Ranger District, but also other National Forests in the Arizona ponderosa pine region as well as land and fire managers throughout the southwest. The study utilizes the existing watersheds of the Beaver Creek Experimental Watersheds south of Flagstaff, Arizona. Five watersheds (between 76 and 722 ha) were reinstrumented with new stream gages in 2006. The restoration treatments planned by the Coconino National Forest include varying combinations of mechanical thinning and prescribed burning. This paper describes the research and monitoring efforts conducted for this.
Boris Poff; Daniel G. Neary. Will Large Scale Forest Restoration Treatments Provide More Water for Population Growth in the Semi-Arid West: Current Hydrologic Research in Arizona. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 2008, 1 -12.
AMA StyleBoris Poff, Daniel G. Neary. Will Large Scale Forest Restoration Treatments Provide More Water for Population Growth in the Semi-Arid West: Current Hydrologic Research in Arizona. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. 2008; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoris Poff; Daniel G. Neary. 2008. "Will Large Scale Forest Restoration Treatments Provide More Water for Population Growth in the Semi-Arid West: Current Hydrologic Research in Arizona." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 , no. : 1-12.
Subsequent to the extreme fire seasons of 2000 and 2002, extensive thinning of Southwestern mountain forests has been designated as the preferred practice to minimize the likelihood of widespread stand-replacing fires. Concurrently, historical hydrologic research been incorrectly popularized to indicate that forest canopy removal can measurably augment water yields from forested watersheds. A popular misconception has therefore arisen that these two usually incompatible goals can be achieved simultaneously on the same land. Responsible and appropriate silvicultural activities for other purposes, such as fire risk reduction, may increase water yield from upper elevation forests or improve water balance within lower elevation forests, depending on the intensity of canopy removal, tree species, latitude, elevation, and aspect. These same activities may also restore other desirable landscape characteristics and should not be directed solely at water yield. Increases in water yield will be difficult to quantify, especially at the scale of large basins, like the Salt River, that provide for large municipalities. Therefore, short term increases in water yield from forest canopy removal should be considered a serendipitous benefit if and when it occurs in conjunction with other advantageous results.
Daniel G. Neary; Karen A. Koestner; Boris Poff. Water Yield from Harvesting and Thinning Southwestern Mountain Forests: Historical Experience from US Forest Service Research. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 2008, 1 -8.
AMA StyleDaniel G. Neary, Karen A. Koestner, Boris Poff. Water Yield from Harvesting and Thinning Southwestern Mountain Forests: Historical Experience from US Forest Service Research. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. 2008; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel G. Neary; Karen A. Koestner; Boris Poff. 2008. "Water Yield from Harvesting and Thinning Southwestern Mountain Forests: Historical Experience from US Forest Service Research." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 , no. : 1-8.