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Isabel Carmona-Cobo
Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Spain

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Original research article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Frontiers in Psychology
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This study of 104 Chilean employees examines the process of WFF—recovery—general health on a daily basis. Drawing on the work–home resources (W-HR) model, we hypothesized that daily work-to-family facilitation and work engagement predict recovery experiences during off-job time in the evening (i.e., detachment from work and relaxation) and subsequent general health at night. Furthermore, we explored whether daily work engagement moderates the relationships between daily work-to-family facilitation and recovery experiences during off-job time in the evening and general health at night. In addition, we expected employees' detachment from work to have a lagged effect on next-day general health at night. Participants completed a survey and a diary booklet over 5 consecutive working days (N = 520 occasions). Multilevel analyses show that, as expected, daily work-to-family facilitation predicted recovery experiences during off-job time in the evening (i.e., detachment from work and relaxation). However, contrary to our expectations, daily work engagement only predicted general health at night. Moreover, as expected, a moderation effect of daily work engagement shows that on days that employees experience low levels of daily work engagement, daily work-to-family facilitation is strongly related to detachment from work and relaxation during off-job time in the evening and to general health at night. Unexpectedly, on days on which employees experienced high levels of daily work engagement, daily work-to-family facilitation was weakly related to these outcomes. Finally, in accordance with our expectations, detachment from work had a lagged effect on next-day general health at night. These findings offer support for the W-HR model and have theoretical and practical implications for research and organizations.

ACS Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso; Eva Garrosa. Daily Beneficial Effects of Work-to-Family Facilitation on Employees' Recovery and General Health: Is More Work Engagement Always Better? Frontiers in Psychology 2021, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso, Eva Garrosa. Daily Beneficial Effects of Work-to-Family Facilitation on Employees' Recovery and General Health: Is More Work Engagement Always Better? Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 12 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso; Eva Garrosa. 2021. "Daily Beneficial Effects of Work-to-Family Facilitation on Employees' Recovery and General Health: Is More Work Engagement Always Better?" Frontiers in Psychology 12, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2021 in Sustainability
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In the context of organizational psychology, this study aimed to examine workers’ gender biases in tolerance when observing leaders’ incivility in the workplace. Based on role congruity theory, this paper proposes analyzing the gender differences in workers’ evaluations of awareness and tolerance of workplace incivility considering the gender of a leader who commits different incivility behaviors against an employee. Moreover, we posit that the type of incivility is also gendered. A sample of 547 workers (male and female) randomly played the roles of observers whereby they rated a scenario describing a leader (male or female) who publicly humiliates and openly doubts an employee’s judgment (overt incivility—agentic), or leaves out and pays little attention (covert incivility—communal) to an employee. The results indicate that male workers tolerated incivility less when role incongruence occurred, such as when male leaders used covert incivility. In contrast, female workers were consistently less tolerant when role congruence occurred with the leader’s gender, such as when male leaders were overtly uncivil. Furthermore, compared to males, female workers were more aware and less tolerant of incivility when a female leader was overtly or covertly uncivil. This paper provides empirical insights and fulfills an identified need to study how gender bias in workplace incivility can be enabled in organizations. The implications for practice can drive the development of prevention strategies within the field of management and human resources.

ACS Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Eva Garrosa; Esther Lopez-Zafra. Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue? Sustainability 2021, 13, 6111 .

AMA Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Eva Garrosa, Esther Lopez-Zafra. Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Eva Garrosa; Esther Lopez-Zafra. 2021. "Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue?" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6111.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2021 in Anales de Psicología
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Los obstáculos a lo largo de la carrera de las mujeres demuestran que su ambición de convertirse en líder es compleja porque está influenciada por los estereotipos y roles de género. En este estudio, se les pidió a 625 participantes (54.24% mujeres) de dos categorías (379 estudiantes y 246 empleados) que imaginaran cómo reaccionarían ante un ascenso a una posición de liderazgo y posteriormente, completaron un cuestionario que incluía sus creencias sobre las consecuencias -evaluaciones, ambición, emociones positivas y negativas e ideología de roles de género. Los estudiantes fueron más ambiciosos que los empleados, independientemente de su género. Sin embargo, al analizar el impacto de la ambición en la decisión de aceptar una posición de liderazgo, observamos que el afecto positivo generado al imaginar una promoción es el aspecto clave para finalmente decidir aceptar la promoción, tanto en estudiantes como en empleados. Sin embargo, en los estudiantes, independientemente de su género, la decisión se predice por afecto negativo, evaluaciones de auto-concepto, pero no por niveles de ambición. Obstacles along women career demonstrate how ambition for becoming a leader is complex because it is influenced by gender stereotypes and roles. In this study, 625 participants (54.24% women) from two statuses (379 students and 246 employees) were asked to imagine how they would react to a promotion to a leadership position and then completed a questionnaire including their beliefs about the consequences, core self-evaluations, ambition, positive and negative emotions, and gender role ideology. Students were more ambitious than employees, regardless of their gender. However, when analyzing the impact of ambition on the decision of accepting a leadership position we observe that positive affect generated by imagining a promotion is the key aspect to finally decide to accept the promotion in both students and employees. However, in students, regardless of their gender, the decision is predicted by negative affect, core-self evaluations but not by levels of ambition.

ACS Style

Esther Lopez-Zafra; Nicolás Sánchez-Álvarez; Isabel Carmona-Cobo. Is ambition a gendered issue? Students´ vs employees´ antecedents of Ambition about Leadership. Anales de Psicología 2021, 37, 352 -360.

AMA Style

Esther Lopez-Zafra, Nicolás Sánchez-Álvarez, Isabel Carmona-Cobo. Is ambition a gendered issue? Students´ vs employees´ antecedents of Ambition about Leadership. Anales de Psicología. 2021; 37 (2):352-360.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Lopez-Zafra; Nicolás Sánchez-Álvarez; Isabel Carmona-Cobo. 2021. "Is ambition a gendered issue? Students´ vs employees´ antecedents of Ambition about Leadership." Anales de Psicología 37, no. 2: 352-360.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2020 in Learning and Individual Differences
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Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, this diary study investigated the mediator role of academic resources in the relationship between personal resources and variables of well-being. The study postulates that the perceived level of academic support received by students during the day mediates the relationship between the levels of self-efficacy and curiosity, measured early in the day, and the level of academic engagement measured at the end of the day. Ninety-four undergraduates filled in a general questionnaire and subsequently completed a daily questionnaire, for 5 consecutive academic days (470 diary entries). The multilevel analysis showed a positive relationship between self-efficacy and curiosity and academic engagement. In addition, the results revealed a positive relationship between academic support and academic engagement. Finally, the results showed partial mediation of academic support in the relationship between self-efficacy and academic engagement and in the relationship between curiosity and academic engagement. The results can be used to improve teaching and learning programs in colleges and universities.

ACS Style

Mauricio Robayo-Tamayo; Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso; Francisco J. Román; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez; Eva Garrosa. Academic engagement: A diary study on the mediating role of academic support. Learning and Individual Differences 2020, 80, 101887 .

AMA Style

Mauricio Robayo-Tamayo, Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso, Francisco J. Román, Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez, Eva Garrosa. Academic engagement: A diary study on the mediating role of academic support. Learning and Individual Differences. 2020; 80 ():101887.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauricio Robayo-Tamayo; Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso; Francisco J. Román; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez; Eva Garrosa. 2020. "Academic engagement: A diary study on the mediating role of academic support." Learning and Individual Differences 80, no. : 101887.

Personality and social psychology
Published: 10 September 2019 in Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
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Based on Role Congruity Theory, we tested the hypothesis of gender bias by examining gender differences in observers' evaluations of the awareness and acceptability of workplace incivility gender-dyad interaction. Three hundred and ninety-six Spanish high school students (55.3% female) read one scenario of overt incivility (publicly humiliates and openly doubts the employee's judgment) or covert (omits and pays little attention) from a leader (female vs. male) toward a subordinate (female vs. male) in engineering. Results indicated gender differences among observers. From the leader actor of incivility, males were more aware and accepted less the incivility when performed by a female leader in a male domain; whereas females were more aware and accepted less incivility than males in all cases. Regarding the subordinate target of incivility, only females were more aware and accepted less incivility, and both males and females were more aware and accepted less covert incivility. Our results reveal practical implications for interventions from a gender perspective.

ACS Style

Isabel Carmona‐Cobo; Esther Lopez-Zafra; Eva Garrosa. Observers’ reactions to workplace incivility in the masculine domain: How does role congruency explain gender bias in future workers? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 2019, 60, 628 -636.

AMA Style

Isabel Carmona‐Cobo, Esther Lopez-Zafra, Eva Garrosa. Observers’ reactions to workplace incivility in the masculine domain: How does role congruency explain gender bias in future workers? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2019; 60 (6):628-636.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Carmona‐Cobo; Esther Lopez-Zafra; Eva Garrosa. 2019. "Observers’ reactions to workplace incivility in the masculine domain: How does role congruency explain gender bias in future workers?" Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 60, no. 6: 628-636.

Article
Published: 23 December 2017 in Current Psychology
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We examine the role of personal resources (hardiness) and personal vulnerability factors (external locus of control and helplessness) at work, among 430 teachers at private schools. Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and the conservation of resources theory, we parallel tested both motivational and health-impairment processes on the teachers’ individual outcomes. The JDR model’s motivational process was related to life satisfaction, and the health impairment process to perception of ill health. We hypothesize that hardiness will foster work engagement and that its role in the motivational process will be to mediate between job resources and work engagement. Then, we hypothesize that hardiness will prevent job burnout. Self-evaluations are expected to be activated by job burnout as an effect of its third dimension, inefficacy. We examine the mediational role of these self-evaluations between job burnout and ill health, and between job burnout and life satisfaction. The hypotheses are tested simultaneously using structured equation modelling. The results indicate that hardiness partially mediates the relationship between job resources and work engagement, and that hardiness reduces job burnout. Self-evaluations did not increase perception of ill health, but they did mediate the relationship between job burnout and life satisfaction. The findings show that hardiness plays the role of a personal resource in the motivational process and that it also has a preventive function against job burnout. Personal vulnerability factors, in the form of self-evaluations, were activated by job burnout, and their role was to significantly reduce life satisfaction. We discuss the implications of these findings.

ACS Style

Sandra Corso-De-Zúñiga; Bernardo Moreno Jiménez; Eva Garrosa; Luis Manuel Blanco Donoso; Isabel Carmona-Cobo. Personal resources and personal vulnerability factors at work: An application of the Job Demands-Resources model among teachers at private schools in Peru. Current Psychology 2017, 39, 325 -336.

AMA Style

Sandra Corso-De-Zúñiga, Bernardo Moreno Jiménez, Eva Garrosa, Luis Manuel Blanco Donoso, Isabel Carmona-Cobo. Personal resources and personal vulnerability factors at work: An application of the Job Demands-Resources model among teachers at private schools in Peru. Current Psychology. 2017; 39 (1):325-336.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandra Corso-De-Zúñiga; Bernardo Moreno Jiménez; Eva Garrosa; Luis Manuel Blanco Donoso; Isabel Carmona-Cobo. 2017. "Personal resources and personal vulnerability factors at work: An application of the Job Demands-Resources model among teachers at private schools in Peru." Current Psychology 39, no. 1: 325-336.

Research paper
Published: 12 January 2016 in Journal of Happiness Studies
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College students face numerous academic demands on a daily basis. The resources of the University and of the students to cope with these demands are essential to explain students’ levels of well-being. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the role of day-level curiosity and meaning in life in the explanation of students’ levels of engagement and emotional exhaustion at night. Two-hundred and nine college students participated in a daily study of five consecutive academic days, completing measures of curiosity and meaning in life in the afternoon and measures of engagement and emotional exhaustion at night. Data were analyzed using MLwiN software from a hierarchical linear modeling and daily approach. Curiosity in the afternoon showed a positive relationship with levels of engagement at night, and a negative relationship with levels of emotional exhaustion at night. Moreover, the interaction of curiosity and search for meaning and emotional exhaustion was positive. Although curiosity drives to exploring opportunities and challenges, decreases exhaustion and promotes daily engagement, when curiosity interacts with other emotional loads (such as search for meaning), it can become an emotional overload favoring exhaustion. From this perspective, it is necessary to continue investigating the mechanisms that predict students’ well-being and to create academic environments that stimulate curiosity and support students in their search for meaning in life.

ACS Style

Eva Garrosa; Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez. How do Curiosity, Meaning in Life, and Search for Meaning Predict College Students’ Daily Emotional Exhaustion and Engagement? Journal of Happiness Studies 2016, 18, 17 -40.

AMA Style

Eva Garrosa, Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso, Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez. How do Curiosity, Meaning in Life, and Search for Meaning Predict College Students’ Daily Emotional Exhaustion and Engagement? Journal of Happiness Studies. 2016; 18 (1):17-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Garrosa; Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez. 2016. "How do Curiosity, Meaning in Life, and Search for Meaning Predict College Students’ Daily Emotional Exhaustion and Engagement?" Journal of Happiness Studies 18, no. 1: 17-40.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2015 in International Journal of Nursing Studies
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Recent research reveals that not all job demands have negative effects on workers' well-being and suggests that the negative or positive effects of specific job demands depend on the occupational sector. Specifically, emotional job demands form the heart of the work for nurses and for this reason they can be interpreted by nurses as a challenge that promotes motivation and well-being among these professionals, especially if personal and job resources become available.The study had two objectives. First, to examine whether daily emotional demands within a nursing work context have a positive effect on nurses' daily motivation at work (vigour) and well-being at home (vitality and positive affect). Second, to explore whether this positive effect could be enhanced by nurses' emotional regulation abilities.This research used a diary design to explore daily experiences and to analyze how variations in specific job or personal characteristics can affect levels of motivation and well-being across days.Fifty-three nurses working in different Spanish hospitals and primary health care centres completed a general questionnaire and a diary booklet over 5 consecutive working days in two different moments, after work and at night (N=53 participants and N=265 observations).In line with our hypotheses, multi-level analyses revealed that, on the one hand, day-level emotional demands at work had a positive effect on vigour at work and on vitality at home. On the other hand, analyses showed that nurses with higher emotional regulation abilities have more motivation at work and well-being at home when they have to face high emotional demands at work, showing a spill over effect after work.These findings support the idea that emotional demands from the nursing profession can act as challenges which promote motivation and well-being, especially if internal emotional resources become available.

ACS Style

Luis Manuel Blanco Donoso; Evangelia Demerouti; Eva Garrosa Hernández; Bernardo Moreno Jiménez; Isabel Carmona-Cobo. Positive benefits of caring on nurses’ motivation and well-being: A diary study about the role of emotional regulation abilities at work. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015, 52, 804 -816.

AMA Style

Luis Manuel Blanco Donoso, Evangelia Demerouti, Eva Garrosa Hernández, Bernardo Moreno Jiménez, Isabel Carmona-Cobo. Positive benefits of caring on nurses’ motivation and well-being: A diary study about the role of emotional regulation abilities at work. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2015; 52 (4):804-816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Manuel Blanco Donoso; Evangelia Demerouti; Eva Garrosa Hernández; Bernardo Moreno Jiménez; Isabel Carmona-Cobo. 2015. "Positive benefits of caring on nurses’ motivation and well-being: A diary study about the role of emotional regulation abilities at work." International Journal of Nursing Studies 52, no. 4: 804-816.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Anales de Psicología
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ACS Style

Eva Garrosa; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez; Ana Sanz-Vergel. El impacto emocional del incivismo laboral y el abuso verbal en el trabajo: influencia de la recuperación diaria. Anales de Psicología 2015, 31, 1 .

AMA Style

Eva Garrosa, Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez, Ana Sanz-Vergel. El impacto emocional del incivismo laboral y el abuso verbal en el trabajo: influencia de la recuperación diaria. Anales de Psicología. 2015; 31 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Garrosa; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez; Ana Sanz-Vergel. 2015. "El impacto emocional del incivismo laboral y el abuso verbal en el trabajo: influencia de la recuperación diaria." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho
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Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral

ACS Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Eva Garrosa; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez; Elena Del Barrio. Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral. Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho 2014, 17, 190 -205.

AMA Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Eva Garrosa, Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez, Elena Del Barrio. Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral. Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho. 2014; 17 (2):190-205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Eva Garrosa; Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez; Elena Del Barrio. 2014. "Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral." Cadernos de Psicologia Social do Trabalho 17, no. 2: 190-205.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones
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The aim of this research was to provide an integrative overview of the associations between employees’ daily emotional well-being (positive and negative affect) and family-work interaction, job-related exhaustion, detachment, and meaning in life. Service sector employees in Spain (N=105) filled out a general measure and daily survey measures over five working days. Results showed that daily family-work conflict, job-related exhaustion and search for meaning in life predicted employees’ negative affect at night; conversely, daily detachment and presence of meaning in life had a negative relation with negative affect at night. In contrast, employees’ family-work facilitation, detachment, and presence of meaning in life predicted positive affect at night. Moreover, detachment moderated the relationship between family-work conflict and negative affect, and between the presence of meaning in life and positive affect. These findings have practical implications for individuals and organizations and suggest possible avenues for future research

ACS Style

Eva Garrosa Hernandez; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Felix Ladstätter; Luis Manuel Blanco; Helena D. Cooper-Thomas. The relationships between family-work interaction, job-related exhaustion, detachment, and meaning in life: A day-level study of emotional well-being. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 2013, 29, 169 -177.

AMA Style

Eva Garrosa Hernandez, Isabel Carmona-Cobo, Felix Ladstätter, Luis Manuel Blanco, Helena D. Cooper-Thomas. The relationships between family-work interaction, job-related exhaustion, detachment, and meaning in life: A day-level study of emotional well-being. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones. 2013; 29 (3):169-177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Garrosa Hernandez; Isabel Carmona-Cobo; Felix Ladstätter; Luis Manuel Blanco; Helena D. Cooper-Thomas. 2013. "The relationships between family-work interaction, job-related exhaustion, detachment, and meaning in life: A day-level study of emotional well-being." Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 29, no. 3: 169-177.