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Noraliani Alias
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia

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Original article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Evaluation of groundwater using multivariate analysis is a valuable technique. It helps to detect the source of elements and the process(es) that controls the groundwater chemistry. This review intends to identify the hydrogeochemical process(es) that controls groundwater in Kaduna Basin. Water quality data were derived from the literature based on defined literature selection criteria. Subsequently, we applied multivariate analysis, notably, factor, cluster, and correlation analyses to classify and analyse the hydrochemical conditions. Results showed that groundwater is controlled by the rock weathering process based on correlation and factor analyses. Hierarchical cluster analysis categorised groundwater into three clusters. Cluster 1 contained locations that have an analogous concentration of pH and temperature. Cluster 1 relates to physical/external influence. Cluster 2 correlated with EC, Fe3+, HCO3−, and NO3−. Cluster 3 correlated with TDS, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SO42−, and Cl−. The two clusters are related to the rock weathering process, owing to low NO3− concentrations. Results of factor and correlation analyses concurred with Gibb's model. The study inferred that rock weathering is the primary mechanism controlling groundwater in Kaduna Basin. The multivariate analysis provides a simple tool for identifying the relationship between geology and hydrochemistry of aquifers.

ACS Style

Saadu Umar Wali; Noraliani Alias; Sobri Bin Harun. Reevaluating the hydrochemistry of groundwater in basement complex aquifers of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria using multivariate statistical analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences 2021, 80, 1 -25.

AMA Style

Saadu Umar Wali, Noraliani Alias, Sobri Bin Harun. Reevaluating the hydrochemistry of groundwater in basement complex aquifers of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria using multivariate statistical analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2021; 80 (5):1-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saadu Umar Wali; Noraliani Alias; Sobri Bin Harun. 2021. "Reevaluating the hydrochemistry of groundwater in basement complex aquifers of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria using multivariate statistical analysis." Environmental Earth Sciences 80, no. 5: 1-25.

Research article
Published: 10 October 2020 in SN Applied Sciences
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The hydrogeochemistry of aquifers in the western Sokoto basin was assessed. The objective of this study is to identify the impact of geological variability on groundwater hydrochemistry and the mechanisms controlling the hydrochemistry of aquifers. Univariate statistics (several samples ANOVA), Pearson’s (r), and multivariate statistics-hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Factor analysis (FA) were used to interpret the hydrochemistry of aquifers. Subsequently, geochemical modeling was applied to assess the saturation index (SI) of rock minerals. Forty groundwater samples were collected from Gwandu (n = 20) and Illo (n = 20) formations. ANOVA results indicated that geological variability exerted a considerable impact on groundwater in Gwandu and Illo aquifers. It is characterized by a substantial amount of Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3−, Na+, and K+. The hydrogeochemical facies indicated mixing conditions. FA and correlations analysis further revealed that groundwater received the noticeable influence of silicate weathering and dissolution of carbonates. There were significant differences in SI values for chrysotile, goethite, gypsum, H2(g), H2O(g), H2S(g), illite, and sepiolite minerals between the two geologic environments. Positive SI values for gibbsite were noticed in eleven sampling locations, indicative of potential recharge zones. Likewise, all the sampling locations have positive values for K-feldspar and are supersaturated with mica, suggesting both discharge and transition zones. The HCA classified aquifers into three clusters based on their hydrogeochemical characteristics. Geochemical modeling, univariate, and multivariate analyses are user-friendly tools for hydrochemical analysis.

ACS Style

Saadu Umar Wali; Noraliani Alias; Sobri Bin Harun. Hydrogeochemical evaluation and mechanisms controlling groundwater in different geologic environments, Western Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences 2020, 2, 1 -28.

AMA Style

Saadu Umar Wali, Noraliani Alias, Sobri Bin Harun. Hydrogeochemical evaluation and mechanisms controlling groundwater in different geologic environments, Western Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences. 2020; 2 (11):1-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saadu Umar Wali; Noraliani Alias; Sobri Bin Harun. 2020. "Hydrogeochemical evaluation and mechanisms controlling groundwater in different geologic environments, Western Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 11: 1-28.

Review paper
Published: 28 September 2020 in SN Applied Sciences
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Water quality indices allow for defining the acceptable limits for water usage. This paper evaluates the suitability of water for industrial and domestic uses. Hydrogeochemical data were derived from previous studies and exposed to an internal consistency test. Groundwater was classified using physicochemical parameters and water quality indices. Multivariate analysis (factor and clustering analyses) was applied to identify the sources of ions and classify groundwater. Similarly, regression analysis was used to model the hydrochemistry of the study area. Results indicated groundwater of varying quality based on hardness, TDS, EC, chloride, and nitrate. Groundwater classification based on the Chadha diagram revealed a Na–HCO3 water type in the Kudenda–Nassarawa area. Kaduna South and Kakuri and its Environs have a Ca–Mg–Cl water type. Calcium, Mg, Na, and TDS constituted the major elements influencing the hydrochemistry of groundwater based on regression analysis. Factor analysis showed that aquifers are strongly influenced by rock weathering. Also, cluster analysis revealed different types of water sources based on their hydrogeochemical characteristics. The results of multivariate analysis concurred with Gibb’s model. However, groundwater is unsuitable for industrial use since it is undersaturated with calcium carbonate. Thus, water treatment is required to avoid serious corrosion.

ACS Style

Saadu Umar Wali; Noraliani Alias; Sobri Bin Harun. Quality reassessment using water quality indices and hydrochemistry of groundwater from the Basement Complex section of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences 2020, 2, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Saadu Umar Wali, Noraliani Alias, Sobri Bin Harun. Quality reassessment using water quality indices and hydrochemistry of groundwater from the Basement Complex section of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences. 2020; 2 (10):1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saadu Umar Wali; Noraliani Alias; Sobri Bin Harun. 2020. "Quality reassessment using water quality indices and hydrochemistry of groundwater from the Basement Complex section of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 10: 1-21.

Conference paper
Published: 21 February 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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In engineering practice, natural and man-made vibration phenomenon can cause dynamic stress to be imposed on soils such as blasting, construction operations and machinery, and vehicle traffic vibrations. This issue need to be addressed to ensure the geo-environment is sustainably secure. Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the behaviour of vibrated deformable double-porosity under different moisture content in repeated vibration. This paper presents the investigation of vibrated double-porosity soil by aggregating laterite soil with 29%, 32% and 34% moisture content. The experiments were conducted by using acrylic soil column, accelerometer and vibrating table. Aggregated laterite soil is poured in acrylic soil column then compress until 10 cm height. High-frequency accelerometers were installed to observe acceleration at 2 points; (1) surface of soil sample, and (2) surface of vibrating table. The experiments for repeated vibration were conducted by increasing the amplitude of the vibrating table. The acceleration time histories at accelerometers were collected to observe maximum amplitude. The results showed that the acceleration response in non repeated vibration was increased with increasing of moisture contents. It was found that with vibrated samples, the soil structure was rearrange and porosity characteristics identified as expected influence the speed of liquid penetration.

ACS Style

Mohd Fadhli Abd Rashid; Noraliani Alias; Kamarudin Ahmad; Mohd Zamri Ramli; Zulkiflee Ibrahim. Vibration impact towards deformable laterite soil with different moisture content. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 220, 012037 .

AMA Style

Mohd Fadhli Abd Rashid, Noraliani Alias, Kamarudin Ahmad, Mohd Zamri Ramli, Zulkiflee Ibrahim. Vibration impact towards deformable laterite soil with different moisture content. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 220 (1):012037.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Fadhli Abd Rashid; Noraliani Alias; Kamarudin Ahmad; Mohd Zamri Ramli; Zulkiflee Ibrahim. 2019. "Vibration impact towards deformable laterite soil with different moisture content." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 220, no. 1: 012037.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2018 in Sustainability
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This study assesses the impacts of recent climate changes on drought-affected areas and the occurrence of droughts during different cropping seasons of Nigeria using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The crop growing seasons are considered because the droughts for those periods are more destructive to national agricultural production. The Mann–Kendall test and binary logistic regression were used to quantify the trends in drought-affected areas and the occurrence of crop droughts with different areal extents, respectively. Gauge-based gridded rainfall and temperature data for the period 1961–2010 with spatial resolutions of 0.5° were used. Results showed an increase in the areal extent of droughts during some of the cropping seasons. The occurrences of droughts, particularly moderate droughts with smaller areal extents, were found to increase for all of the seasons. The SPEI values calculated decreased mostly in the regions where rainfall was decreasing. That is, the recent changes in climate were responsible for the increase in the occurrences of droughts with smaller areal extents. These trends in climate indicate that the occurrence of larger areal extent droughts may happen more frequently in Nigeria in the future.

ACS Style

Mohammed Shiru; Shamsuddin Shahid; Noraliani Alias; Eun-Sung Chung. Trend Analysis of Droughts during Crop Growing Seasons of Nigeria. Sustainability 2018, 10, 871 .

AMA Style

Mohammed Shiru, Shamsuddin Shahid, Noraliani Alias, Eun-Sung Chung. Trend Analysis of Droughts during Crop Growing Seasons of Nigeria. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Shiru; Shamsuddin Shahid; Noraliani Alias; Eun-Sung Chung. 2018. "Trend Analysis of Droughts during Crop Growing Seasons of Nigeria." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 871.