Ecosystems, biodiversity, and the human population all depend on a quality or uncontaminated environment. Quality environment provides people and wildlife access to nutrition, medications, dietary supplements, and other ecosystem services. The conservation of biodiversity—that is, species richness, abundance, heredities, and diversity—as well as the control of climate change are facilitated by such an uncontaminated environment. However, these advantages are jeopardized by newly emerging environmental chemical contaminants (EECCs) brought on by increased industrialization and urbanization. In developing countries, inadequate or poor environmental policies, infrastructure, and national standards concerning the usage, recycling, remediation, control, and management of EECCs hasten their effects. EECCs in these countries negatively affect biodiversity, ecological services and functions, and human health. This review reveals that the most deprived or vulnerable local communities in developing countries are those residing near mining or industrial areas and cultivating their crops and vegetables on contaminated soils, as is wildlife that forages or drinks in EECC-contaminated water bodies. Yet, people in these countries have limited knowledge about EECCs, their threats to human well-being, ecosystem safety, and the environment, as well as remediation technologies. Besides, efforts to efficiently control, combat, regulate, and monitor EECCs are limited. Thus, the review aims to increase public knowledge concerning EECCs in developing countries and present a comprehensive overview of the current status of EECCs. It also explores the sources and advancements in remediation techniques and the threats of EECCs to humans, ecosystems, and biodiversity.

Climate change and invasive alien plant species (IAPs) pose environmental challenges that affect soil health, biodiversity, and sustainability. This review investigates the potential of perennial grasses as a sustainable eco-friendly alternative solution for promoting soil health and biodiversity, mitigating climate change, and combating IAPs. An extensive review of global research and applications of perennial grasses was conducted, and the benefits of perennial grasses in reducing climate change and IAP impact are highlighted in this review paper. Overall, perennial grasses can help mitigate climate change and combat IAPs. Their dense and extensive root system, drought-resistant, and water-efficiency make them effective at sequestering, and storing carbon, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and adapting to climate fluctuations. They also reduce the need for tillage and synthetic fertilizers, enhancing ecosystem resilience to climate change. This suggests that incorporating perennial grasses into land management can help with climate change mitigation and adaptation, resulting in more sustainable and resilient ecosystems. Besides, well-managed perennial grasses can considerably reduce IAPs' impact of due to their suppressive ability, enhanced by strong root systems and competitive growth patterns. Moreover, perennial grasses offer a sustainable and long-term solution to the challenges posed by IAPs owing to their capacity to restore and maintain native plants and promote soil biodiversity, ecosystem health, and resilience following restoration. Thus, integrating perennial grasses into restoration and management strategies can allow land managers and ecologists to effectively combat IAPs. Overall, this review advocates for the inclusion of perennial grasses in conservation and restoration initiatives.

Climate change-related impacts on water resources can significantly lead to biodiversity loss. Species with specific water resource adaptations, including threatened and endemic species, are in danger of going extinct. The effect of climate change on biodiversity related to water scarcity or shortages has received less attention despite being acknowledged. This paper provides up-to-date collective information and knowledge gap on the impact of climate change on water and how it impacts biodiversity with a particular focus on the connection between climate change impacts, water resources, and the species biodiversity. Sixty (60) original peer reviewed research or review articles, and reports were reviewed to highpoint the impact of climate change on water resources and its implications on biodiversity including human being. We highlight that the impact of climate change on water resources (e.g., water scarcity and shortages) exerts more pressure on biodiversity conservation as it directly affects the growth and behaviour of species and modifies their habitats, population size, composition, interactions, timing of reproduction, reproductive phenology, and growing season. Furthermore, being the part of earth’s biodiversity, humans are also affected by the climate change water-related problems. This review earmarked that water shortages due to climate change puts the human population at great risk in terms of crop productivity, food security, and a variety of economic activities. Well–designed infrastructure to harvest water, mitigate and adapt to climate change is vital for protecting biodiversity from climate risks i.e., water shortages. This review paper is useful to government agencies charged with climate change and environmental conservation and policymakers mostly in developing nations to widen goals where the impact of climate is more noticeable. In addition, several deaths of animals and human due to water shortages have been reported.