Ficus glumosa Delile (Moraceae), a reputed plant that is used in herbal medicine, is of high medicinal and nutritional value in local communities primarily ascribed to its phytochemical profile. Currently, there are hardly any fine details on the chemical profiling and pharmacological evaluation of this species. In this study, the flavonoids and phenolics contents of the ethanol extracts and four extracted fractions (petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water) of the stem bark of Ficus glumosa were firstly quantified. Further, their antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials were also evaluated. The quantitative determination indicated that the EA and n-butanol fractions possessed the highest total flavonoids/phenolics levels of 274.05 ± 0.68 mg RE/g and 78.87 ± 0.97 mg GAE/g, respectively. Similarly, for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, the EA fraction exhibited high potency in both DPPH and ABTS⁺ scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 0.23 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/mL, and FRAP potential of 2.81 ± 0.01 mg Fe²⁺/g, respectively. Furthermore, the EA fraction displayed high cytotoxicity against human lung (A549) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells. Additionally, the liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed in order to characterize the chemical constituents of the EA fraction of Ficus glumosa stem bark. Our findings revealed 16 compounds from the EA fraction that were possibly responsible for the strong antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties. This study provides edge-cutting background information on the exploitation of Ficus glumosa as a potential natural antioxidant and anti-cancer remedy.

Carissa spinarum has been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases due to its different pharmacological activities. However, the active compounds responsible for its potentially specific activities have rarely been explored. To this end, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was screened out and selected for further phytochemical isolation because of its promising activities in preliminary 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and COX-2 inhibition assays. As a result, 10 compounds (1−10), including a new one (5), were isolated, with eight of these being identified as phenolic compounds, as expected. Compound 9 possessed an IC₅₀ value of 16.5 ± 1.2 µM, which was lower than that of positive control (vitamin C, 25.5 ± 0.3 µM) in the DPPH assay, and compounds 2, 6, 7 and 9 showed better total antioxidant capacity than vitamin C in the FRAP assay. Meanwhile, compounds 1−6 and 9 also had IC₅₀ values of less than 1.0 µM, which was even better than the positive control indomethacin in the COX-2 inhibition assay. In this context, compounds 2 and 9 were further evaluated to exhibit clear hepatoprotective activities by improving the L02 cell viability and reducing ROS production using a H₂O₂-induced L02 cell injury model. This study provides initial evidence revealing the most potent phenolic compounds from the root bark of C. spinarum responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities.

Restorative justice seeks to repair harm, strengthen accountability, and restore relationships, but its effectiveness depends partly on the social conditions that support victim participation and offender reintegration. This article examined the role of community-level prevention in restorative justice program satisfaction in Melbourne, Australia. Community-level prevention was assessed through community responsibility for harm repair, the involvement of community representatives, awareness of community-based crime-prevention programs, community connection, support for offender reintegration, community awareness of crime impacts, perceived safety, and relationship strengthening. The research was guided by Reintegrative Shaming Theory and used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The target population comprised 17,605 adult victims who had participated in restorative justice programs in metropolitan Melbourne between January 2022 and December 2024. A target sample of 391 victims was selected through stratified and simple random sampling, and 373 completed questionnaires were obtained, yielding a 95.4% response rate. Fourteen justice professionals, comprising magistrates, prosecutors, and probation officers, were purposively selected for key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings showed that 88.20% of victims agreed that communities had a role in repairing harm, 81.23% supported greater community involvement in offender reintegration, and 78.01% believed that restorative justice strengthened community relationships. However, only 42.36% revealed having community members other than family and friends involved directly, and only 66.76% perceived the presence of community-based crime prevention programs. The community-level prevention was moderately positively correlated with program satisfaction (r = .512, p < .001) and accounted for 26.2% of the variance (R2 = .262). Qualitative evidence indicated that community members enhanced accountability and reintegration, with the participation being characterised as limited because of a lack of awareness, volunteers, and time requirements, as well as a lack of structural investment. The article concludes that at the community level, meaningful, visible, and institutionally supported roles contribute to restorative justice program satisfaction in a significant way. It suggests funded community roles, regular volunteer training, proactive public awareness, and community involvement in all types of restorative justice programs.