Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 511–521 Abstract Flowering times of plants are important life‐history components and it has previously been hypothesized that flowering phenologies may be currently subject to natural selection or be selectively neutral. In this study we reviewed the evidence for phenotypic selection acting on flowering phenology using ordinary and phylogenetic meta‐analysis. Phenotypic selection exists when a phenotypic trait co‐varies with fitness; therefore, we looked for studies reporting an association between two components of flowering phenology (flowering time or flowering synchrony) with fitness. Data sets comprising 87 and 18 plant species were then used to assess the incidence and strength of phenotypic selection on flowering time and flowering synchrony, respectively. The influence of dependence on pollinators, the duration of the reproductive event, latitude and plant longevity as moderators of selection were also explored. Our results suggest that selection favours early flowering plants, but the strength of selection is influenced by latitude, with selection being stronger in temperate environments. However, there is no consistent pattern of selection on flowering synchrony. Our study demonstrates that phenotypic selection on flowering time is consistent and relatively strong, in contrast to previous hypotheses of selective neutrality, and has implications for the evolution of temperate floras under global climate change.

• Premise of the study: Cactaceae is one of the most charismatic plant families because of the extreme succulence and outstanding diversity of growth forms of its members. Although cacti are conspicu...

We tested whether phylogeny, flower size and/or altitude were significant predictors of interspecific variation in nectar production of hummingbird‐visited plants in an assembled database (289 species, in 22 orders, 56 families and 131 genera). Although the study is focused on hummingbird‐pollinated plants (241 plant species), plants with different pollinator syndromes (48 species) are also included in the analyses. Nectar volume secreted in a given time period (usually 24 h) by a given flower, its sugar concentration and corolla length were compiled mainly from the literature. Altitude was also obtained from the original references. Sugar production was computed basically as the product of nectar secretion and sugar concentration, and expressed on a per 24‐h basis. All nectar traits and corolla length (all log transformed), as well as altitude, showed statistically significant phylogenetic signal. Both nonphylogenetic and phylogenetically informed (independent contrasts) analyses indicated a highly significant positive correlation between corolla length and both nectar volume and sugar production. In addition, altitude (which is partially a surrogate for temperature) was significantly negatively correlated with both sugar concentration and production. Possible reasons for coadaptation of nectar production and sugar production with corolla length are discussed.

Antecedentes: La Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) se ubica paralela al Océano Pacífico, desde Jalisco a Oaxaca. Es la provincia más biodiversa de México, con 7,016 especies de plantas vasculares. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles son las plantas vasculares endémicas de la SMS y en qué tipos de vegetación habitan? ¿Cuántos se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo? Especies de estudio: Las plantas vasculares endémicas. Sitio y años de estudio: Provincia biogeográfica SMS, México; de 2016 a 2020. Métodos: Se generó una base de datos a partir de información de herbarios, bases de datos electrónicas y literatura especializada. Resultados: Se registraron 1,133 especies, agrupadas en 370 géneros y 91 familias; de estas últimas destacaron con un mayor número de géneros y especies Asteraceae (75 y 250, respectivamente), Orchidaceae (40, 123), Rubiaceae (22, 74), Bromeliaceae (5, 64) y Lamiaceae (10, 63). Los géneros con mayor riqueza fueron Salvia (46), Ageratina (39), Tillandsia (37) y Echeveria (29). Se registraron 15 géneros endémicos y 129 especies se reportaron en alguna categoría de riesgo. En la SMS el bosque de coníferas y encino registraron 828 especies, seguido del bosque mesófilo de montaña (235) y el bosque tropical caducifolio (114). Conclusiones: El endemismo en la SMS es heterogéneo, ya que se localizó en los bosques de coníferas y encino de las subprovincias Sierra Madre del Sur Oriental (estados de Guerrero y Oaxaca) y en la Sierra Madre del Sur Occidental (estado de Jalisco).