The tomato is a horticultural crop that appears in various colors as it ripens. Differences in the proteome expression abundance of a tomato depend on its genotype and ripening stage. Thus, this study aimed to confirm the differences in changes in the proteome according to four ripening stages (green, breaker, turning, and mature) of three tomato genotypes, i.e., yellow, black, and red tomatoes, using a gel-based proteomic technique. The number of protein spots shown as two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels differed according to tomato genotype and ripening stage. A total of 286 variant proteins were determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, confirming 233 identified protein functions. In three tomato genotypes in each ripening stage, grouping according to the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS) functional categories confirmed the variant proteins involved in the following: energy processes (21%); metabolism (20%); protein fate (15%); protein synthesis (10%); a protein with a binding function or cofactor requirement (8%); cell rescue, defense, and virulence (8%); cellular transport, transport facilitation, and transport routes (6%); the biogenesis of cellular components (5%); cell cycle and DNA processing (2%); others (5%). Among the identified protein spots in the function category, two proteins related to metabolism, four related to energy, four related to protein synthesis, and two related to interaction with the cellular environment showed significantly different changes according to the fruit color by the ripening stage. This study reveals the physiological changes in different types of tomatoes according to their ripening stage and provides information on the proteome for further improvement.

BACKGROUND: The use of two-floor bench bed systems to improve the strawberry productivity in Korea is increasing. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different combinations of light intensity and carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) concentration on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and fruit yield in strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa). METHODS: A two-floor bench bed system was used for light intensity treatments. CO ₂ fertilizer was supplied, from December 5 to January 30, when the concentration in a greenhouse fell below 700μmolmol ^{– 1} , while the control received only ambient CO ₂ . RESULTS: Strawberry plants that were grown under high light intensity in the upper bed had a higher photosynthesis rate than plants grown under low light intensity in the bottom bed; however, light intensity had a negligible effect on the stomatal conductance (Sc) and transpiration rate (Tr) of strawberry leaves. In contrast, CO ₂ fertilization lowered Sc and Tr values in strawberry leaves. Plants grown under low light intensity without CO ₂ fertilization had the highest chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio. Fruit yield was highest in plants grown under high light intensity, with CO ₂ fertilization having relatively little effect; however, CO ₂ fertilization stimulated the accumulation of anthocyanins. CONCLUSIONS: CO ₂ fertilization is effective in a two-floor bench bed system.