Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most educational institutions across the world have shifted their teaching and learning processes and put efforts into preparing online distance education to ensure education continues uninterrupted. Some did not face difficult tasks or challenges during this process because they were already implementing online or blended learning before the pandemic. However, some institutions, lecturers and students were not ready to adapt to the conditions, and it is therefore important to examine to what extent lecturers are ready to teach online. This research aims to evaluate the readiness of lecturers during a pandemic that arises unexpectedly. It also aims to investigate the weaknesses and obstacles that lecturers must overcome in order to teach an online class. This research applies a mixed-method approach. Lecturers were surveyed through online preparedness questionnaires, and several themes were constructed from the gathered qualitative data. The results show that lecturers have strong baseline technical skills to use e-learning platforms for online courses; they have quickly adapted to using a Learning Management System (LMS), and most have a tactical solution for most online classes with insufficient feasibility, but they do not have a strategic solution. Their sufficiency for teaching online courses was not optimised since they did not fully believe the learning goals could be achieved. This paper elaborates on the theoretical and practical implications.

The COVID-19 pandemic that occurred in early 2020 around the world has implications for Indonesia’s education sector. This pandemic led to the Indonesian government policy to study from home at all academic levels using a distance learning approach. Studies on e-learning preparedness in Indonesia involving more comprehensive samples of universities during the pandemic are still limited. This study extended samples from several public and private universities in Indonesia to get a broader picture of e-learning readiness in various faculties with diverse university online learning cultures. This study used Rasch analysis to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis to identify responses based on students’ demographic profiles. The results show that most students were ready to study online, but a few were not ready. Moreover, the results show significant differences in students’ e-learning readiness based on the academic year at university, the field of study, the level of organizational e-learning culture of the university, gender, and region. This work provides an insight into student readiness to study online, especially in higher education in Indonesia. The article presents the implications of online learning practices in universities and recommendations for future e-learning research.

Effective e-Learning requires students to be active, thus, creating an environment that engages the students is one of the challenges. One of the ways to build an engaging e-Learning environment is by applying gamification concept. It improves user engagement by enriching the system with the game design elements. This research aims to analyze the impact of gamification environment on e-Learning system by looking at student's quantitative interaction. 38 students from different high schools were voluntarily joined to test out two different system. This experiment focus on observing the impact of removing and adding gamification on the existing e-Learning system. The result shows that removing gamification causes significant decrement on student participation while adding gamification had no significant impact.

This study presents a panoramic overview of research conducted between 2010 and 2020 on how the Personal Learning Environment (PLE) supports Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). We elaborate on why the PLE is suitable for SRL, discuss its research themes, explain how the PLE supports SRL and outline the available PLE platforms. The review method we used includes defining keywords, creating inclusion and exclusion criteria, selecting data sources, collecting relevant articles and performing content analysis and synthesis. This study categorises four main findings. The first is that there are four PLE research themes: adoption; integration; model, architecture and framework; and recommenders. The PLE is suitable to support SRL because they share similar ideas regarding personalisation and ownership, the need to integrate formal and informal learning and the need for student-centred learning environments covering flexibility and features. Furthermore, the PLE acts as a tool and a recommender for students. The final finding is that the available PLE platforms have the following characteristics: they act as a personal assistant; they support students in planning, monitoring and evaluating the learning process; they promote collaboration between students; and they act as a widget-based application. Finally, this study also proposes future research topics.

Nowadays, online learning has become commonplace in higher education. Various factors influence the success of online learning. Factors such as low self-regulation and co-regulation learning skills can affect student engagement and motivation in online learning activities. Therefore, it is essential to provide external support in the online learning process. Pedagogical agents are one solution to increasing self-regulation and co-regulation learning in online learning environments. This study aims to determine the effect of integrating metacognitive and motivation scaffolding support provided through pedagogical agents on self-regulation and co-regulation learning skills. This study uses a mixed-methods explanatory sequential approach. A quasi-experimental method of the non-equivalent type (pretest and posttest) control group is used for quantitative data collection, and an in-depth survey is used to analyze qualitative data. The results showed that the learning support provided by pedagogical agents who act as scaffolders using metacognitive and motivation scaffolding integration has a significant impact on increasing students' self-regulation and co-regulation learning skills. Also, the results of qualitative data analysis supported the findings obtained from quantitative data. Research limitations and suggestions for further research are presented at the end of this article.