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Under the current pandemic situation caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, wastewater monitoring has been increasingly investigated as a surveillance tool for community-wide disease prevalence. After a year into the pandemic, this review critically discusses the real progress made in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater monitoring. The limitations and the key challenges faced in improving the detection methods are highlighted. As per the literature, the complex nature of the wastewater matrix poses problems in processing the samples and achieving high sensitivity at low loads of viral RNA using the current detection methods. Furthermore, in the absence of a gold standard analytical method for wastewater, the validation of the generated data for use in wastewater-based epidemiological modeling of the disease becomes practically difficult. However, research is advancing in adopting clinical methods to the wastewater by using appropriate processing controls, and recovery methods. Besides, the technological advances made by the industry including the development of PCR kits with improved detection limits, easy-to-use viral RNA concentration methods, ability to detect the coronavirus variants, and artificial intelligence and advanced data modeling for continuous and remote monitoring greatly help to debottleneck some of these problems. Currently, these technologies are limited to healthcare systems, however, their use for wastewater monitoring is expected to provide opportunities for wide-scale applications of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Moreover, the data from wastewater monitoring act as the initial checkpoint for human health even before the appearance of symptoms, hence WBE needs more attention to manage current and future infectious transmissions.
Rama Pulicharla; Guneet Kaur; Satinder K. Brar. A year into the COVID-19 pandemic: Rethinking of wastewater monitoring as a preemptive approach. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9, 106063 -106063.
AMA StyleRama Pulicharla, Guneet Kaur, Satinder K. Brar. A year into the COVID-19 pandemic: Rethinking of wastewater monitoring as a preemptive approach. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):106063-106063.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRama Pulicharla; Guneet Kaur; Satinder K. Brar. 2021. "A year into the COVID-19 pandemic: Rethinking of wastewater monitoring as a preemptive approach." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 5: 106063-106063.
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated intestinal disease, resulting in severe diarrhea and fatal pseudomembranous colitis. TcdB, one of the essential virulence factors secreted by this bacterium, induces host cell apoptosis through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we performed an RNAi screen customized to Caco-2 cells, a cell line model of the intestinal epithelium, to discover host factors involved in TcdB-induced apoptosis. We identified plakoglobin, also known as junction plakoglobin (JUP) or γ-catenin, a member of the catenin family, as a novel host factor, and a previously known cell death-related chromatin factor, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Disruption of those host factors by RNAi and CRISPR resulted in resistance of cells to TcdB-mediated and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. JUP was redistributed from adherens junctions to the mitochondria and colocalized with Bcl-XL after stimulation by TcdB, suggesting a role of JUP in cell death signaling through mitochondria. Treatment with glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 inhibitor, resulted in significantly increased resistance to TcdB-induced epithelial damage in cultured cells and a mouse ligated colon loop model. These findings demonstrate the critical roles of JUP and HMGB1 in TcdB-induced epithelial cell apoptosis.
Yingxue Li; Wei Xu; Yutian Ren; Hung-Chi Cheung; Panpan Huang; Guneet Kaur; Chih-Jung Kuo; Sean P. McDonough; Susan L. Fubini; Stephen M. Lipkin; Xin Deng; Yung-Fu Chang; Linfeng Huang. Plakoglobin and HMGB1 mediate intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis induced by Clostridioides difficile TcdB. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleYingxue Li, Wei Xu, Yutian Ren, Hung-Chi Cheung, Panpan Huang, Guneet Kaur, Chih-Jung Kuo, Sean P. McDonough, Susan L. Fubini, Stephen M. Lipkin, Xin Deng, Yung-Fu Chang, Linfeng Huang. Plakoglobin and HMGB1 mediate intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis induced by Clostridioides difficile TcdB. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYingxue Li; Wei Xu; Yutian Ren; Hung-Chi Cheung; Panpan Huang; Guneet Kaur; Chih-Jung Kuo; Sean P. McDonough; Susan L. Fubini; Stephen M. Lipkin; Xin Deng; Yung-Fu Chang; Linfeng Huang. 2021. "Plakoglobin and HMGB1 mediate intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis induced by Clostridioides difficile TcdB." , no. : 1.
This work investigated the impact of the addition of different biochar types on mitigation of volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation, methane recovery and digestate quality in mesophilic food waste-sludge co-digestion. Four biochars derived from agricultural and sludge residues under different pyrolysis temperatures were compared. Specific biochar properties such as pH, surface area, chemical properties and presence of surface functional groups likely influenced biochar reactions during digestion, thereby resulting in a varying performance of different biochars. Miscanthus straw biochar addition led to the highest specific methane yield of 307 ± 0.3 mL CH4/g VSadded versus 241.87 ± 5.9 mL CH4/g VSadded from control with no biochar addition over 30 days of the co-digestion period. Biochar supplementation led to enhanced process stability which likely resulted from improved syntrophic VFA oxidation facilitated by specific biochar properties. Overall, a 21.4% increase in the overall methane production was obtained with biochar addition as compared to control. The resulting digestate quality was also investigated. Biochar-amended digester generated a digestate rich in macro- and micro-nutrients including K, Mg, Ca, Fe making biochar-amended digestate a potential replacement of agricultural lime fertilizer. This work demonstrated that the addition of specific biochars with desirable properties alleviated VFA accumulation and facilitated enhanced methane recovery, thereby providing a means to achieve process stability even under high organic loading conditions in co-digestions. Moreover, the availability of biochar-enriched digestate with superior characteristics than biochar-free digestate adds further merit to this process.
Davidraj Johnravindar; Jonathan W.C. Wong; Debkumar Chakraborty; Govardhan Bodedla; Guneet Kaur. Food waste and sewage sludge co-digestion amended with different biochars: VFA kinetics, methane yield and digestate quality assessment. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 290, 112457 .
AMA StyleDavidraj Johnravindar, Jonathan W.C. Wong, Debkumar Chakraborty, Govardhan Bodedla, Guneet Kaur. Food waste and sewage sludge co-digestion amended with different biochars: VFA kinetics, methane yield and digestate quality assessment. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 290 ():112457.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavidraj Johnravindar; Jonathan W.C. Wong; Debkumar Chakraborty; Govardhan Bodedla; Guneet Kaur. 2021. "Food waste and sewage sludge co-digestion amended with different biochars: VFA kinetics, methane yield and digestate quality assessment." Journal of Environmental Management 290, no. : 112457.
The present work evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of a rhamnolipids production process that utilizes digestate from anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste. Technical feasibility, profitability and extent of investment risks between fermenter scale and its operating strategy for rhamnolipids production was investigated in the present study. Three scenarios were generated and compared: production using a single large fermenter (Scenario I), using two small fermenters operated alternately (Scenario II) or simultaneously (Scenario III). It was found that all the scenarios were economically feasible, and Scenario III was the most profitable since it allowed the most optimum fermenter operation with utilization of multiple small-scale equipment to reduce the downtime of each equipment and increase the production capacity and overall productivity. It had the highest net present value, internal rate of return and shortest payback time at a discount rate of 7%. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to indicate how the variation in factors such as feedstock (digestate) cost, rhamnolipids selling price, extractant recyclability and process capacity influenced the process economics. The work provides important insights on techno-economic performance of a food waste digestate valorization process which would be useful to guide its sustainable scale-up.
Raffel Patria; Jonathan Wong; Davidraj Johnravindar; Kristiadi Uisan; Rajat Kumar; Guneet Kaur. Food Waste Digestate-Based Biorefinery Approach for Rhamnolipids Production: A Techno-Economic Analysis. Sustainable Chemistry 2021, 2, 237 -253.
AMA StyleRaffel Patria, Jonathan Wong, Davidraj Johnravindar, Kristiadi Uisan, Rajat Kumar, Guneet Kaur. Food Waste Digestate-Based Biorefinery Approach for Rhamnolipids Production: A Techno-Economic Analysis. Sustainable Chemistry. 2021; 2 (2):237-253.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaffel Patria; Jonathan Wong; Davidraj Johnravindar; Kristiadi Uisan; Rajat Kumar; Guneet Kaur. 2021. "Food Waste Digestate-Based Biorefinery Approach for Rhamnolipids Production: A Techno-Economic Analysis." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 2: 237-253.
Biocomposites composed of the polymeric matrix and reinforcing fibres have emerged as new innovative materials with multiple applications and as an alternative to traditional composite materials. To be classified as biodegradable and green, biocomposites need to align with the Green Chemistry principles which are part of the sustainability concept. This review presents the recent advances in biocomposite development and discusses how these satisfy the Green Chemistry principles to position biocomposites as green and sustainable materials. Special attention is paid to the aspects of their sourcing, synthesis and modification methods, and preserved biodegradation and/or recyclability qualities to fulfill favourable end-of-life options. Furthermore, the design of poly(lactic) acid (PLA)- and mycelium-based biocomposites is presented in case studies to discuss the above aspects.
Kiana Rafiee; Helge Schritt; Daniel Pleissner; Guneet Kaur; Satinder K. Brar. Biodegradable green composites: It's never too late to mend. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2021, 30, 100482 .
AMA StyleKiana Rafiee, Helge Schritt, Daniel Pleissner, Guneet Kaur, Satinder K. Brar. Biodegradable green composites: It's never too late to mend. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 2021; 30 ():100482.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiana Rafiee; Helge Schritt; Daniel Pleissner; Guneet Kaur; Satinder K. Brar. 2021. "Biodegradable green composites: It's never too late to mend." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 30, no. : 100482.
Biochar as a biomass derived, low cost, carbon conductive material is considered as an important supplement in the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic matter. It functions as an electrical grid to allow direct electron transfer from fatty acid oxidizers to methanogenic archaea, thereby promoting syntophy between various microbial groups and leading to efficient methanogenesis. Specific properties of biochar play an important role in promoting syntrophic interactions in AD. As a physical indicator, surface area, porosity, particle size and surface texture of biochar play an important role in governing microbial attachment and enrichment on biochar. This influences the microbial degradation of fatty acids and their subsequent conversion to methane by methanogens. Chemical properties such as the presence of hydrophobic functional groups, molecular nature and redox active groups on biochar surface promote interaction between biochar and microorganisms and provide an increased degree of electron transfer between the attached microorganisms. The above characteristics depend on feedstock and pyrolysis conditions used for biochar production. Unlike previous reviews, herein the desired physical and chemical properties of biochar that promote syntrophy in AD and the factors that influence them have been discussed in detail. Furthermore, engineering of biochar properties by various activation methods to harness favourable characteristics of biochar as an effective AD additive is described. Such a comprehensive account would be useful for engineering efficient biochar-mediated digestions with enhanced syntrophy and overall AD performance.
Davidraj Johnravindar; Raffel Dharma Patria; Jonathan T. E. Lee; Le Zhang; Yen Wah Tong; Chi-Hwa Wang; Yong Sik Ok; Guneet Kaur. Syntrophic interactions in anaerobic digestion: how biochar properties affect them? Sustainable Environment 2021, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleDavidraj Johnravindar, Raffel Dharma Patria, Jonathan T. E. Lee, Le Zhang, Yen Wah Tong, Chi-Hwa Wang, Yong Sik Ok, Guneet Kaur. Syntrophic interactions in anaerobic digestion: how biochar properties affect them? Sustainable Environment. 2021; 7 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavidraj Johnravindar; Raffel Dharma Patria; Jonathan T. E. Lee; Le Zhang; Yen Wah Tong; Chi-Hwa Wang; Yong Sik Ok; Guneet Kaur. 2021. "Syntrophic interactions in anaerobic digestion: how biochar properties affect them?" Sustainable Environment 7, no. 1: 1.
Microbial biosurfactants are surface-active molecules which are naturally produced by a range of microorganisms. They have advantages over chemical surfactants such as lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial properties. Sophorolipids (SLs) are one of the most promising biosurfactants, that represent the largest share of the biosurfactant market. Researchers are developing novel approaches for SL production by utilizing renewable feedstocks and advanced separation technologies. However, challenges still exist regarding consumption of materials, enzymes, and electricity, that are primary fossil based. Researchers lack a clear understanding of the associated environmental impacts. It is imperative to quantify and optimize the environmental impacts associated with this emerging technology very early in its design phase to guide a sustainable scale-up. It is necessary to take a collaborative perspective, wherein life cycle assessment (LCA) experts work with experimentalists, to quantify environmental impacts and provide recommendations for improvements in the SL production pathway. Studies that have analyzed the environmental sustainability of microbial biosurfactant production are very scarce in literature. Hence, in this work, we explore the possibility of applying LCA to evaluate the environmental sustainability of SL production. A dynamic LCA (dLCA) framework that quantifies the environmental impacts of a process in an iterative manner, is proposed and applied to evaluate SL production. The first traversal of the dLCA is associated with the selection of an optimal feedstock, results identified food waste as the optimal feedstock. The second traversal compared fermentation coupled with alternative separation techniques, and highlighted that the fed-batch fermentation of food waste integrated with the in-situ separation technique resulted in less environmental impacts. These results can guide experimentalists to further optimize those processes, and improve the environmental sustainability of SL production. Resultant datasets can be iteratively used in subsequent traversals to account for technological changes and mitigate the corresponding impacts before scaling up.
Xiaomeng Hu; Karpagam Subramanian; Huaimin Wang; Sophie L.K.W. Roelants; Ming Ho To; Wim Soetaert; Guneet Kaur; Carol Sze Ki Lin; Shauhrat S. Chopra. Guiding environmental sustainability of emerging bioconversion technology for waste-derived sophorolipid production by adopting a dynamic life cycle assessment (dLCA) approach. Environmental Pollution 2020, 269, 116101 .
AMA StyleXiaomeng Hu, Karpagam Subramanian, Huaimin Wang, Sophie L.K.W. Roelants, Ming Ho To, Wim Soetaert, Guneet Kaur, Carol Sze Ki Lin, Shauhrat S. Chopra. Guiding environmental sustainability of emerging bioconversion technology for waste-derived sophorolipid production by adopting a dynamic life cycle assessment (dLCA) approach. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 269 ():116101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaomeng Hu; Karpagam Subramanian; Huaimin Wang; Sophie L.K.W. Roelants; Ming Ho To; Wim Soetaert; Guneet Kaur; Carol Sze Ki Lin; Shauhrat S. Chopra. 2020. "Guiding environmental sustainability of emerging bioconversion technology for waste-derived sophorolipid production by adopting a dynamic life cycle assessment (dLCA) approach." Environmental Pollution 269, no. : 116101.
Biorefinery wastewaters can be fermented to produce carboxylates which are high-value platform chemicals. However, the major challenges in this fermentation are limited product yields and productivities faced due to product inhibition and difficulty in carboxylate separation and recovery from fermentation broths. To mitigate the above problems, process optimization via integrated fermentation-separation i.e. in-situ product recovery (ISPR) systems can be considered. As a first step towards development of such coupled carboxylate bioprocesses, this study aimed to provide a detailed analysis of extraction behaviour of a wide array of extractants and diluents for C2-C6 carboxylates in synthetic solutions and real effluent from acidogenic fermentation. Compared to physical extraction without extractant, a 75–85 % increase was achieved when using reactive extraction (RE) and the difference was more pronounced for short chain carboxylates, particularly at pH 4.5. Distribution coefficients and extraction efficiencies increased with increasing extractant concentration and reached an equilibrium at molar ratio of 1:2. Aliquat 336 and tri-octylphosphine oxide solved in methyloctanoate emerged as the best RE systems and yielded high extraction efficiencies of 11.5 and 29.5 (acetic acid) to almost 100 (caproic acid) respectively. Testing with real fermentation effluent demonstrated similar high extraction yields as observed on synthetic solutions. Potential toxicity of RE on acidogenic fermentation was also investigated which suggested the application of an external ISPR configuration for these coupled bioprocesses.
Guneet Kaur; Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez; Kathy Elst; Federica Truzzi; Lorenzo Bertin; Ankita Kaushik; Malini Balakrishnan; Heleen De Wever. Reactive extraction for in-situ carboxylate recovery from mixed culture fermentation. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2020, 160, 107641 .
AMA StyleGuneet Kaur, Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez, Kathy Elst, Federica Truzzi, Lorenzo Bertin, Ankita Kaushik, Malini Balakrishnan, Heleen De Wever. Reactive extraction for in-situ carboxylate recovery from mixed culture fermentation. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2020; 160 ():107641.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuneet Kaur; Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez; Kathy Elst; Federica Truzzi; Lorenzo Bertin; Ankita Kaushik; Malini Balakrishnan; Heleen De Wever. 2020. "Reactive extraction for in-situ carboxylate recovery from mixed culture fermentation." Biochemical Engineering Journal 160, no. : 107641.
This article aims to shed light on the various value-added opportunities arising from the valorization of digestate nutrients. As opposed to the conventional applications of digestate for land/soil applications, this review discusses the key bioconversion routes to microalgae, biofuels, biochemicals, and enzymes production in which digestate is utilized as a feedstock for microorganisms to produce high-value bio-based products. A comprehensive analysis of key digestate valorization schemes in this review showed that microalgal cultivation and biopesticide production results obtained using digestate provide new directions to optimally utilize this resource. Pilot scale and long-term performance, and environmental assessment of these digestate-based productions will govern their success within the bioeconomy scheme in the near future. Recovery of nutrients from digestate of anaerobic digestion (AD) and its use as a feedstock in biotechnological processes is an environmentally benign and socially responsible method to treat the waste digestate appearing from digestion plants. The replacement of cost-intensive pure nutrients by digestate could improve the economic feasibility of bioprocesses. This fits in the advanced biorefinery model within the circular bioeconomy scheme by providing new and alternative markets for digestate while increasing the economic incentives for AD.
Guneet Kaur; Jonathan W. C. Wong; Rajat Kumar; Raffel Dharma Patria; Anuja Bhardwaj; Kristiadi Uisan; Davidraj Johnravindar. Value Addition of Anaerobic Digestate From Biowaste: Thinking Beyond Agriculture. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 2020, 7, 48 -55.
AMA StyleGuneet Kaur, Jonathan W. C. Wong, Rajat Kumar, Raffel Dharma Patria, Anuja Bhardwaj, Kristiadi Uisan, Davidraj Johnravindar. Value Addition of Anaerobic Digestate From Biowaste: Thinking Beyond Agriculture. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports. 2020; 7 (2):48-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuneet Kaur; Jonathan W. C. Wong; Rajat Kumar; Raffel Dharma Patria; Anuja Bhardwaj; Kristiadi Uisan; Davidraj Johnravindar. 2020. "Value Addition of Anaerobic Digestate From Biowaste: Thinking Beyond Agriculture." Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 7, no. 2: 48-55.
This work proposes a new treatment approach involving both food waste disposal and sewerage treatment called MOWFAST i.e. Municipal Organic Waste management by combined Food wAste disposal and Sewerage Treatment. MOWFAST involves mixing of food waste directly with raw sewage instead of separate addition to sludge and their combined anaerobic digestion (AD). Compared to conventional sludge digestion, MOWFAST exhibited better digestion capability and allowed a greater degradation of organic material along with higher production of methanogenic-favourable products from the beginning of digestion. This resulted in producing higher specific methane yields (7.86 LCH4/kg VSadded versus 0.95 LCH4/kg VSadded) and 1.4-fold higher cumulative methane yield over sludge AD. Furthermore, compared with conventional food waste-sludge co-digestion, MOWFAST gave higher solubilization of organic material (0.82 g sCOD/g VSadded versus 0.23 g sCOD/g VSadded) and specific methane yields (7.86 LCH4/kg VSadded versus 3.2 LCH4/kg VSadded). This proves its feasibility for digestion and methane generation potential.
Guneet Kaur; Liwen Luo; Guanghao Chen; Jonathan W.C. Wong. Integrated food waste and sewage treatment – A better approach than conventional food waste-sludge co-digestion for higher energy recovery via anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technology 2019, 289, 121698 .
AMA StyleGuneet Kaur, Liwen Luo, Guanghao Chen, Jonathan W.C. Wong. Integrated food waste and sewage treatment – A better approach than conventional food waste-sludge co-digestion for higher energy recovery via anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technology. 2019; 289 ():121698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuneet Kaur; Liwen Luo; Guanghao Chen; Jonathan W.C. Wong. 2019. "Integrated food waste and sewage treatment – A better approach than conventional food waste-sludge co-digestion for higher energy recovery via anaerobic digestion." Bioresource Technology 289, no. : 121698.
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are invaluable research tools for studying gene functions in mammalian cells. siRNAs are mainly produced by chemical synthesis or by enzymatic digestion of dsRNAs produced in vitro. Recently bacterial cells, engineered with ectopic plant viral siRNA binding protein p19, have enabled the production of ‘recombinant’ siRNAs (pro‐siRNAs). Here we describe an optimized methodology for the production of milligram amount of highly potent recombinant pro‐siRNAs from Escherichia coli cells. We firstly optimized bacterial culture medium and tested new designs of pro‐siRNA production plasmid. Through the exploration of multiple pro‐siRNA related factors, including the expression of p19 protein, double‐stranded RNA generation method, and the level of RNase III, we developed an optimal pro‐siRNA production plasmid. Together with a high‐cell density fed‐batch fermentation method in a bioreactor, we have achieved a yield of ~10 milligram purified pro‐siRNA per liter bacterial culture. The pro‐siRNAs produced by the optimized method can achieve high efficiency of gene silencing when used at low nanomolar concentrations. This new method enables fast, economical, and renewable production of pure and highly potent bioengineered pro‐siRNAs at milligram level. Our study also provides important insights into the strategies for optimizing the production of RNA products in bacteria, which is an under explored field.
Guneet Kaur; Hung Chi Cheung; Wei Xu; Jun Vic Wong; For Fan Chan; Yingxue Li; Larry McReynolds; Linfeng Huang. Milligram scale production of potent recombinant small interfering RNAs in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2018, 115, 2280 -2291.
AMA StyleGuneet Kaur, Hung Chi Cheung, Wei Xu, Jun Vic Wong, For Fan Chan, Yingxue Li, Larry McReynolds, Linfeng Huang. Milligram scale production of potent recombinant small interfering RNAs in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2018; 115 (9):2280-2291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuneet Kaur; Hung Chi Cheung; Wei Xu; Jun Vic Wong; For Fan Chan; Yingxue Li; Larry McReynolds; Linfeng Huang. 2018. "Milligram scale production of potent recombinant small interfering RNAs in Escherichia coli." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 115, no. 9: 2280-2291.
Itaconic acid (IA), an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid produced by fermentation, is a promising alternative to petrochemical-based monomers as a building block for plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers. Efficient recovery of IA from aqueous fermentation broth was previously achieved by amine-based reactive extraction (RE) systems. In the present work, several back extraction methods were tested in order to recover IA from four different RE solutions, three based on trioctylamine and the diluents methyloctanoate, pentylacetate, and 1-octanol, and one based on N-methyldioctylamine and the diluent 1-octanol. Conventional back extraction methods using a temperature swing, NaOH, or tertiary volatile amines were applied and tested at different conditions. Especially with tertiary volatile amines, good back extraction efficiencies were achieved. As an intensified approach, in addition a novel back extraction-conversion method was developed to recover the itaconic acid in the form of methyl-esters. This approach was based on noncatalyzed in situ esterification with high temperature–pressure methanol (HTPM) allowing a continuous processing. Reaction temperature, residence time, pressure, and methanol excess were investigated. At 200–250 °C and a residence time of 10–20 min, with methanol dosed at a similar weight as the RE-layer, ester formation of >80 mol % could be obtained with a continuous esterification process. This latter method can be a suitable alternative technique for standard back extraction procedures, aiming at an easy recovery of the IA ester through distillation, followed by a direct polymerization to bioplastics.
Guneet Kaur; Miranda Maesen; Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez; Heleen De Wever; Kathy Elst. Novel Intensified Back Extraction Process for Itaconic Acid: Toward in Situ Product Recovery for Itaconic Acid Fermentation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2018, 6, 7403 -7411.
AMA StyleGuneet Kaur, Miranda Maesen, Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez, Heleen De Wever, Kathy Elst. Novel Intensified Back Extraction Process for Itaconic Acid: Toward in Situ Product Recovery for Itaconic Acid Fermentation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2018; 6 (6):7403-7411.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuneet Kaur; Miranda Maesen; Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez; Heleen De Wever; Kathy Elst. 2018. "Novel Intensified Back Extraction Process for Itaconic Acid: Toward in Situ Product Recovery for Itaconic Acid Fermentation." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 6: 7403-7411.