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Hakan Ergun (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the Graz University of Technology, Austria, in 2009, and the Ph.D. degree from KU Leuven, Belgium in 2015. He is currently a Research Expert with KU Leuven/EnergyVille, working on transmission expansion planning for large-scale renewable integration, power system security, reliability management, and optimization modelling in power systems. He is the PES vice chair of the joint IEEE Benelux IAS/PE/PES joint chapter.
The FlexPlan Horizon2020 project aims at establishing a new grid-planning methodology which considers the opportunity to introduce new storage and flexibility resources in electricity transmission and distribution grids as an alternative to building new grid elements, in accordance with the intentions of the Clean Energy for all Europeans regulatory package of the European Commission. FlexPlan creates a new innovative grid-planning tool whose ambition is to go beyond the state of the art of planning methodologies by including the following innovative features: assessment of the best planning strategy by analysing in one shot a high number of candidate expansion options provided by a pre-processor tool, simultaneous mid- and long-term planning assessment over three grid years (2030, 2040, 2050), incorporation of a full range of cost–benefit analysis criteria into the target function, integrated transmission distribution planning, embedded environmental analysis (air quality, carbon footprint, landscape constraints), probabilistic contingency methodologies in replacement of the traditional N-1 criterion, application of numerical decomposition techniques to reduce calculation efforts and analysis of variability of yearly renewable energy sources (RES) and load time series through a Monte Carlo process. Six regional cases covering nearly the whole European continent are developed in order to cast a view on grid planning in Europe till 2050. FlexPlan will end up formulating guidelines for regulators and planning offices of system operators by indicating to what extent system flexibility can contribute to reducing overall system costs (operational + investment) yet maintaining current system security levels and which regulatory provisions could foster such process. This paper provides a complete description of the modelling features of the planning tool and pre-processor and provides the first results of their application in small-scale scenarios.
Gianluigi Migliavacca; Marco Rossi; Dario Siface; Matteo Marzoli; Hakan Ergun; Raúl Rodríguez-Sánchez; Maxime Hanot; Guillaume Leclerq; Nuno Amaro; Aleksandr Egorov; Jawana Gabrielski; Björn Matthes; Andrei Morch. The Innovative FlexPlan Grid-Planning Methodology: How Storage and Flexible Resources Could Help in De-Bottlenecking the European System. Energies 2021, 14, 1194 .
AMA StyleGianluigi Migliavacca, Marco Rossi, Dario Siface, Matteo Marzoli, Hakan Ergun, Raúl Rodríguez-Sánchez, Maxime Hanot, Guillaume Leclerq, Nuno Amaro, Aleksandr Egorov, Jawana Gabrielski, Björn Matthes, Andrei Morch. The Innovative FlexPlan Grid-Planning Methodology: How Storage and Flexible Resources Could Help in De-Bottlenecking the European System. Energies. 2021; 14 (4):1194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianluigi Migliavacca; Marco Rossi; Dario Siface; Matteo Marzoli; Hakan Ergun; Raúl Rodríguez-Sánchez; Maxime Hanot; Guillaume Leclerq; Nuno Amaro; Aleksandr Egorov; Jawana Gabrielski; Björn Matthes; Andrei Morch. 2021. "The Innovative FlexPlan Grid-Planning Methodology: How Storage and Flexible Resources Could Help in De-Bottlenecking the European System." Energies 14, no. 4: 1194.
In recent years, the use of HVdc technology has increased and VSC technology has enabled the realization of HVdc grids. This calls for the development of new tools to solve the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) model. A detailed representation of the dc grid TNEP problem is highly nonlinear and more complex than the traditional ac grid expansion problem due to extra constraints and additional decision variables from the converter station model. The present day industrial solvers have difficulties to tackle the resultant MINLP problem. Therefore, the linearized ‘DC’ approximation is often used in practice, which may not produce sufficiently accurate answers. In this paper, different relaxations and approximations of the dc grid TNEP problem are presented. The performance of each formulation is evaluated using eight test cases. Although there is no clear formulation that shows the best performance, LPAC approximation and SOC relaxations seem to provide better alternatives to ‘DC’ approximations. The developed formulations do not guarantee feasibility and a second corrective stage is required to obtain feasible solutions.
Jay Dave; Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem. Relaxations and approximations of HVdc grid TNEP problem. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 192, 106683 .
AMA StyleJay Dave, Hakan Ergun, Dirk Van Hertem. Relaxations and approximations of HVdc grid TNEP problem. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 192 ():106683.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJay Dave; Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem. 2020. "Relaxations and approximations of HVdc grid TNEP problem." Electric Power Systems Research 192, no. : 106683.
This study presents the initialisation of a hybrid alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) power system to determine the operation point around which the system is linearised as a starting point for an electromagnetic or harmonic stability analysis. To this end, each AC or DC power system component is modelled in the Fourier transform domain and further adjusted to a simplified representation compatible with a power flow formulation. The study also presents how voltage source converter (VSC) high-voltage DC-based systems can be analysed when the different VSC controls are applied. The result of the power flow solution is then used for the power converters’ initialisation.
Aleksandra Lekić; Hakan Ergun; Jef Beerten. Initialisation of a hybrid AC/DC power system for harmonic stability analysis using a power flow formulation. High Voltage 2020, 5, 534 -542.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekić, Hakan Ergun, Jef Beerten. Initialisation of a hybrid AC/DC power system for harmonic stability analysis using a power flow formulation. High Voltage. 2020; 5 (5):534-542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekić; Hakan Ergun; Jef Beerten. 2020. "Initialisation of a hybrid AC/DC power system for harmonic stability analysis using a power flow formulation." High Voltage 5, no. 5: 534-542.
This paper describes the main features of the new European research project FlexPlan. This project aims at establishing a new grid planning methodology considering the opportunity to introduce new storage and flexibility resources in electricity transmission and distribution grids as an alternative to building new grid elements. FlexPlan will create a new innovative grid planning tool whose ambition is to go beyond the state of the art of planning methodologies, by including the following innovative features: integrated transmission distribution planning, inclusion of environmental analysis, probabilistic contingency methodologies replacing the N-1 criterion as well as optimal planning decision over several decades. Then, the new tool will be used to analyse six regional cases covering nearly the whole European continent, aimed at demonstrating the application of the tool on real scenarios as well as at casting a view on grid planning in Europe till 2050. In this way, the FlexPlan project will try to answer the question of which role flexibility could play and how its usage can contribute to reduce planning investments yet maintaining current system security levels. The project will end up formulating guidelines for regulators and planning offices of system operators.
Gianluigi Migliavacca; Marco Rossi; Dario Siface; Matteo Marzoli; Hakan Ergun; Raul Rodriguez; Guillaume Leclerq; Nuno Amaro; Bjorn Matthes; Jawana Gabrielski; Andrei Morch. The FlexPlan Approach to Include the Contribution of Storage and Flexible Resources in Grid Planning. 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2020, 1 -6.
AMA StyleGianluigi Migliavacca, Marco Rossi, Dario Siface, Matteo Marzoli, Hakan Ergun, Raul Rodriguez, Guillaume Leclerq, Nuno Amaro, Bjorn Matthes, Jawana Gabrielski, Andrei Morch. The FlexPlan Approach to Include the Contribution of Storage and Flexible Resources in Grid Planning. 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 2020; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianluigi Migliavacca; Marco Rossi; Dario Siface; Matteo Marzoli; Hakan Ergun; Raul Rodriguez; Guillaume Leclerq; Nuno Amaro; Bjorn Matthes; Jawana Gabrielski; Andrei Morch. 2020. "The FlexPlan Approach to Include the Contribution of Storage and Flexible Resources in Grid Planning." 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) , no. : 1-6.
The electrification of transport and heating systems brings new challenges for the low voltage distribution networks, which in the future might be more prone to congestion. This calls for methods to perform optimization and control actions, to ensure their correct operation. Their large extension and non-negligible degree of voltage unbalance make low voltage systems difficult to analyze. This paper features a comparison of three unbalanced formulations for power flow and OPF analyses: the full nonlinear, non-convex AC formulation, a second-order cone relaxation and a linear approximation. Accuracies and computational efforts are evaluated for different problem types, to assess whether the conic and linear formulation are suitable to perform low voltage systems calculations.
Marta Vanin; Hakan Ergun; Reinhilde D’Hulst; Dirk Van Hertem. Comparison of Linear and Conic Power Flow Formulations for Unbalanced Low Voltage Network Optimization. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 189, 106699 .
AMA StyleMarta Vanin, Hakan Ergun, Reinhilde D’Hulst, Dirk Van Hertem. Comparison of Linear and Conic Power Flow Formulations for Unbalanced Low Voltage Network Optimization. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 189 ():106699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Vanin; Hakan Ergun; Reinhilde D’Hulst; Dirk Van Hertem. 2020. "Comparison of Linear and Conic Power Flow Formulations for Unbalanced Low Voltage Network Optimization." Electric Power Systems Research 189, no. : 106699.
Various options for dc grid protection strategies are currently investigated which differ in terms of speed and selectivity. In order to compare these options fairly, the impact on the connected ac grid needs to be studied. This paper analyzes the ac grid impact in terms of frequency stability and calculate the reserve capacity necessary to retain the stability. Assuming fast frequency reserves as a possible mitigation, a probabilistic method is provided to determine a trade-off between under frequency load shedding and additional reserve requirement. In general, non-selective strategies require higher and faster reserves compared to their fully selective counterparts for both cases analyzed in this paper. Both the selectivity and the speed of protection has influence on the reserve requirement. The dc grid topology also plays an important role in the reserve sizing by determining the impact of dc contingencies on the ac grid. The concept of reserve sizing based on temporary loss of supply shows value in terms of lower capacity requirement. A grid specific CBA study shows that it is possible to compensate the higher investment cost associated with dc breakers by the benefits of lower reserve procurement cost.
Jaykumar Dave; Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem. Impact of dc grid protection strategies on frequency stability of the connected ac system: a quantitative analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2020, 1 -1.
AMA StyleJaykumar Dave, Hakan Ergun, Dirk Van Hertem. Impact of dc grid protection strategies on frequency stability of the connected ac system: a quantitative analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2020; (99):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaykumar Dave; Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem. 2020. "Impact of dc grid protection strategies on frequency stability of the connected ac system: a quantitative analysis." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery , no. 99: 1-1.
With the increased utilisation of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links in power systems, it is necessary to upgrade the traditional ac grid focused transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem to accommodate multiple HVDC links and even HVDC grids. This study proposes a non-linear formulation for the TNEP problem of dc grids and derives two relaxations of the problem: the linear approximation, the second-order cone convex relaxation as a branch flow model. The presented formulations allow both monopolar and bipolar configurations, and this as point-to-point connections and HVDC grids as expansion candidates. The three formulations are examined on various test cases and compared for their accuracy and computational speed.
Jay Dave; Hakan Ergun; Ting An; Jingjing Lu; Dirk Van Hertem. TNEP of meshed HVDC grids: ‘AC’, ‘DC’ and convex formulations. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2019, 13, 5523 -5532.
AMA StyleJay Dave, Hakan Ergun, Ting An, Jingjing Lu, Dirk Van Hertem. TNEP of meshed HVDC grids: ‘AC’, ‘DC’ and convex formulations. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2019; 13 (24):5523-5532.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJay Dave; Hakan Ergun; Ting An; Jingjing Lu; Dirk Van Hertem. 2019. "TNEP of meshed HVDC grids: ‘AC’, ‘DC’ and convex formulations." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 24: 5523-5532.
Hakan Ergun; Jaykumar Dave; Dirk Van Hertem; Frederik Geth. Optimal Power Flow for AC–DC Grids: Formulation, Convex Relaxation, Linear Approximation, and Implementation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2019, 34, 2980 -2990.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Jaykumar Dave, Dirk Van Hertem, Frederik Geth. Optimal Power Flow for AC–DC Grids: Formulation, Convex Relaxation, Linear Approximation, and Implementation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2019; 34 (4):2980-2990.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Jaykumar Dave; Dirk Van Hertem; Frederik Geth. 2019. "Optimal Power Flow for AC–DC Grids: Formulation, Convex Relaxation, Linear Approximation, and Implementation." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 34, no. 4: 2980-2990.
H. Ergun; J. Dave; Ting An; Congda Han; D. Van Hertem. Hybrid AC/DC Optimal Power Flow for Meshed HVDC Grids: Case Studies. 15th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019) 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleH. Ergun, J. Dave, Ting An, Congda Han, D. Van Hertem. Hybrid AC/DC Optimal Power Flow for Meshed HVDC Grids: Case Studies. 15th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019). 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. Ergun; J. Dave; Ting An; Congda Han; D. Van Hertem. 2019. "Hybrid AC/DC Optimal Power Flow for Meshed HVDC Grids: Case Studies." 15th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019) , no. : 1.
This paper introduces a stepwise investment optimization methodology for transmission system expansion planning. The objective of the developed methodology is to determine transmission expansion plans to realize a desired interconnection capacity between multiple zones minimizing investment and operational costs. The methodology uses MILP optimization and a modified A* shortest path algorithm sequentially in order to determine the optimal investment time point, transmission topology, technology and routing. Spatial constraints and their effects on the installation cost are taken into account in the technology and route optimization. A possible application of the methodology is demonstrated on a stepwise investment plan for the North Sea region.
Hakan Ergun; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem; Barry Rawn. Long term investment optimization methodology for multi-zonal transmission expansion. 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON) 2016, 1 -6.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Ronnie Belmans, Dirk Van Hertem, Barry Rawn. Long term investment optimization methodology for multi-zonal transmission expansion. 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON). 2016; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem; Barry Rawn. 2016. "Long term investment optimization methodology for multi-zonal transmission expansion." 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON) , no. : 1-6.
Transmission system planning aims at developing an optimal scheme for the extension of the transmission system. This chapter provides an overview of complex transmission expansion planning problem by explaining the aspects to be considered and by showing the difficulties during transmission system planning. The formulation of the transmission expansion optimization problem depends on the desired objective and the solution methodology. Transmission expansion problems can generally be separated into two classes regarding the planning horizon, namely static and dynamic problems. The chapter provides some aspects such as controllabillity, offshore applications, to show the differences of considering high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines for transmission grid expansion. It shows the complexity of transmission expansion planning using quantitative, illustrative examples. The examples show the dependence of the “4Ws” of transmission expansion planning to give the reader an idea of how to define an optimization problem to solve the transmission expansion problem.
Hakan Ergün; Dirk Van Hertem. HVDC Grid Planning. HVDC Grids 2016, 143 -170.
AMA StyleHakan Ergün, Dirk Van Hertem. HVDC Grid Planning. HVDC Grids. 2016; ():143-170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergün; Dirk Van Hertem. 2016. "HVDC Grid Planning." HVDC Grids , no. : 143-170.
Alternating and direct current (AC and DC) solutions are the two main options to upgrade the transmission system. However, in the context of grid reinforcements, one needs to consider more options than more than only AC and DC, but also properties such as overhead or underground, the technology used, and the additional features, both technical and nontechnical. DC transmission is inherently suited to control the power flow through a line. When using voltage source converter (VSC) high-voltage DC (HVDC), the reactive power at both terminals can be controlled dynamically. In the case of AC transmission, power flow control is only possible with usage of FACTS devices and phase-shifting transformers. This chapter gives a cost comparison between HVAC and HVDC transmission solutions. The breakeven length between HVAC and HVDC transmission depends on the transmission system length and the rating of the transmission system.
Hakan Ergün; Dirk Van Hertem. Comparison of HVAC and HVDC technologies. HVDC Grids 2016, 79 -96.
AMA StyleHakan Ergün, Dirk Van Hertem. Comparison of HVAC and HVDC technologies. HVDC Grids. 2016; ():79-96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergün; Dirk Van Hertem. 2016. "Comparison of HVAC and HVDC technologies." HVDC Grids , no. : 79-96.
This paper develops a long term transmission expansion optimization methodology taking the probabilistic nature of generation and demand, spatial aspects of transmission investments and different technologies into account. The developed methodology delivers a stepwise investment plan to achieve the optimal grid expansion for additional transmission capacity between different zones. In this paper, the optimization methodology is applied to the Spanish and French transmission systems for long term optimization of investments in interconnection capacity.
Hakan Ergun; Barry Rawn; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem. Stepwise Investment Plan Optimization for Large Scale and Multi-Zonal Transmission System Expansion. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2015, 31, 2726 -2739.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Barry Rawn, Ronnie Belmans, Dirk Van Hertem. Stepwise Investment Plan Optimization for Large Scale and Multi-Zonal Transmission System Expansion. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2015; 31 (4):2726-2739.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Barry Rawn; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem. 2015. "Stepwise Investment Plan Optimization for Large Scale and Multi-Zonal Transmission System Expansion." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 31, no. 4: 2726-2739.
An algorithm to determine optimal transmission routes and to perform technology selection for transmission system expansion is developed and presented in this paper. The aim of the optimization is to minimize investment and installation costs of grid expansion, taking into account spatial properties. The optimization is performed by formulating possible expansion options around a weighted graph and using a modified A* shortest path algorithm to find the optimal solution. The algorithm delivers optimal locations routes and determines the best technology along the route. The algorithm is applied to possible future pan European electricity highways. The implications of different installation areas on transmission routes and total costs are discussed.
Hakan Ergun; Barry Rawn; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem. Optimization of transmission technology and routes for Pan-European electricity Highways considering spatial aspects. 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech 2015, 1 -6.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Barry Rawn, Ronnie Belmans, Dirk Van Hertem. Optimization of transmission technology and routes for Pan-European electricity Highways considering spatial aspects. 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech. 2015; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Barry Rawn; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem. 2015. "Optimization of transmission technology and routes for Pan-European electricity Highways considering spatial aspects." 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech , no. : 1-6.
This paper presents a method to optimize equipment investments in multizonal transmission systems, considering spatial properties of the areas of focus. Together with a probabilistic technique for assessing nodal injection capability, the method in the paper completes the methodology of a long term transmission system planning tool. Transmission topology, line route and technology are optimized through iterative application of linear integer programming and Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. By optimizing the transmission route, the spatial properties of the area of focus are taken into account, which in turn can significantly influence the installation costs of transmission equipment. The optimization method considers both AC and DC technology and takes the N-1 security criterion into account.
Hakan Ergun; Barry Rawn; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem. Technology and Topology Optimization for Multizonal Transmission Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2014, 29, 2469 -2477.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Barry Rawn, Ronnie Belmans, Dirk Van Hertem. Technology and Topology Optimization for Multizonal Transmission Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2014; 29 (5):2469-2477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Barry Rawn; Ronnie Belmans; Dirk Van Hertem. 2014. "Technology and Topology Optimization for Multizonal Transmission Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 29, no. 5: 2469-2477.
In this paper, method to identify strong nodes in a transmission grid is shown. The method can be used to identify transmission system investment needs and can serve as filter for transmission system investment optimization. Based on an optimal power flow calculation, the maximum power injection capability of buses is calculated. In this context AC OPF and DC OPF methods are compared in terms of accuracy, convergence and computational effort. To take uncertainties in generation and load into account, the Gaussian Component Combination Method (GCCM) is used, which is compared to Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The importance of considering security aspects while determining strong nodes is depicted using N-1 analysis. Additionally, the effect of power flow controlling devices on the maximum power injection capability of investigated grid nodes is shown, in particular with phase shifting transformers and HVDC links.
Hakan Ergün; Dirk Van Hertem; Ronnie Belmans. Identification of power injection capabilities for transmission system investment optimization. 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference 2013, 1 -6.
AMA StyleHakan Ergün, Dirk Van Hertem, Ronnie Belmans. Identification of power injection capabilities for transmission system investment optimization. 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference. 2013; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergün; Dirk Van Hertem; Ronnie Belmans. 2013. "Identification of power injection capabilities for transmission system investment optimization." 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference , no. : 1-6.
This paper proposes voltage control and reactive power support with direct-drive synchronous machines in wind turbines during normal operation and transient events. The wind turbines are equipped with voltage and reactive power control for normal operation and undervoltage ride-through modes for voltage dips. The wind turbine contributions are evaluated both for theoretical test cases as well as for two specific locations in the Belgian grid. Simulations reveal that the preferred mode for voltage support during a voltage dip depends on the grid characteristics short-circuit power and X-R ratio. Additionally, the angle stability of both induction motor load and nearby synchronous generators can be improved by adding reactive power support by the wind turbines. From the Belgian case study, it is concluded that voltage control by wind power plants is preferred, especially in remote areas where the additional control becomes necessary to maintain operation in between voltage limits. In case of voltage dips, a coordinated control of wind power plants in the area lowers the voltage reduction.
Simon De Rijcke; Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem; Johan Driesen. Grid Impact of Voltage Control and Reactive Power Support by Wind Turbines Equipped With Direct-Drive Synchronous Machines. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2012, 3, 890 -898.
AMA StyleSimon De Rijcke, Hakan Ergun, Dirk Van Hertem, Johan Driesen. Grid Impact of Voltage Control and Reactive Power Support by Wind Turbines Equipped With Direct-Drive Synchronous Machines. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2012; 3 (4):890-898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon De Rijcke; Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem; Johan Driesen. 2012. "Grid Impact of Voltage Control and Reactive Power Support by Wind Turbines Equipped With Direct-Drive Synchronous Machines." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 3, no. 4: 890-898.
The strong growth and the expected further increase in renewable energy generation in Europe requires a fundamental upgrade of the transmission system. A potential option is to realize these upgrades at a higher voltage by constructing a new overlay grid or supergrid. Such a supergrid is likely to be built using VSC HVDC technology, especially when considering that a significant part will be offshore. The paper will first discuss how such a grid should be conceived. Aspects that will be covered are the potential topology of such a grid and the balance between mesh size and the connection to the AC system. It will be discussed how such a new overlay grid with multiple controllers interacts with the existing system. The second aspect that will be covered is the stepwise development of such a system. A new overlay grid will not be conceived in a single phase, but link by link. The differences between “green field” and “brown field” approach are highlighted and shown using an example.
Hakan Ergun; Jef Beerten; Dirk Van Hertem. Building a new overlay grid for Europe. 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 2012, 1 -8.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Jef Beerten, Dirk Van Hertem. Building a new overlay grid for Europe. 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. 2012; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Jef Beerten; Dirk Van Hertem. 2012. "Building a new overlay grid for Europe." 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting , no. : 1-8.
A method to determine the optimal transmission system topology for multiple offshore wind farms is introduced using a rule-based generic algorithm. The methodology is implemented as a software tool determining the best economical and technically feasible offshore transmission solution. The optimization algorithm takes radial, ring shaped, and meshed transmission topologies into consideration. Besides the investments for the offshore grid also new connections or reinforcements in the existing onshore grid are proposed by the algorithm. The developed tool delivers a set of transmission system topologies ranked after their life cycle system costs with their corresponding transmission voltage and technology (HVAC or HVDC), the necessary transmission equipment, and its rating. The optimization results are based on publicly available data. The achieved results are compared with other studies and validated. The developed tool can be used in the planning phase as a guidance for offshore developers with investment decisions and for long-term offshore grid planning, e.g., towards an offshore supergrid.
Hakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem; Ronnie Belmans. Transmission System Topology Optimization for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Integration. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2012, 3, 908 -917.
AMA StyleHakan Ergun, Dirk Van Hertem, Ronnie Belmans. Transmission System Topology Optimization for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Integration. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2012; 3 (4):908-917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHakan Ergun; Dirk Van Hertem; Ronnie Belmans. 2012. "Transmission System Topology Optimization for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Integration." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 3, no. 4: 908-917.
In this paper the results from a study about typical harmonic spectra in Austrian electricity distribution and transmission networks are presented. The study was done by Graz University of Technology in cooperation with the Association of Austrian Electricity Companies (VEÖ). Besides characteristic harmonic spectra for current and voltage, it also includes weighting coefficients for evaluation of the harmonic impact on electric and magnetic fields. Furthermore, symmetrical component analysis is applied to the harmonics, since the zero sequence system may lead to a significant contribution to electric or magnetic fields.
H. Ergun; H. Renner; K. Friedl. Characteristic spectra of harmonic currents in austrian electricity transmission and distribution networks. Proceedings of the 2010 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference 2010, 11 -16.
AMA StyleH. Ergun, H. Renner, K. Friedl. Characteristic spectra of harmonic currents in austrian electricity transmission and distribution networks. Proceedings of the 2010 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference. 2010; ():11-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. Ergun; H. Renner; K. Friedl. 2010. "Characteristic spectra of harmonic currents in austrian electricity transmission and distribution networks." Proceedings of the 2010 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference , no. : 11-16.