As a growth input, human capital and remittances have received significant attention and their role on other macro fundamentals has also been investigated. However, the effects of remittances on human capital development are not yet conclusive in the literature. The motivation of the study is to gauge the role of remittances in the process of human capital development in the topb10 remittance recipients for the period spanning from 1980 to 2019. The study has implemented symmetric and asymmetric estimations to explore the effects of remittances, FDI, and gross capital formation on human capital development. The study documented a positive and statistically significant linkage between remittances and human capital development; a similar linkage was revealed for FDI and gross capital formation. Asymmetric assessment detected asymmetric effects running from remittances, FDI, and gross capital formation to human capital development, both in the long-run and the short-run. Moreover, asymmetric shocks in remittances and FDI have exposed positive and statistically significant human capital development. In contrast, gross capital formation revealed a negative and statistically significant connection with human capital development. Referring to a directional causality test, the study documented a feedback hypothesis that holds in explaining the causality between remittances, FDI, and human capital development and unidirectional causality running from gross capital formation and human capital development. In regard to policy formulation, the study suggested that offering additional incentives could induce migrants to send more remittances into the economy, eventually supporting sustainable economic growth. Second, an efficient and effective financial sector can ensure optimal utilization through the channel of capital formation in the economy; therefore, countries must pay attention to the establishment of efficient intermediation.

Expansionary monetary and fiscal policies are necessary for economic and environmental development. The present research studies the impact of monetary policy and fiscal policy on Territory-Based CO₂ (TBC) and Consumption-Based CO₂ (CBC) emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies from 1990–2019. The cointegration is corroborated through various tests, and long-term relationships are found in both TBC and CBC models. Government expenditures have long-term positive effects on both TBC and CBC emissions and short-term positive effects on TBC emissions in the region. Money supply negatively affects the TBC and CBC emissions in the long run and positively affects TBC and CBC emissions in the short run. Hence, monetary policy needs a long time to have positive ecological effects in the GCC region. Moreover, fiscal policy in both the long and short run and monetary policy in the short run have scale effects in GCC economies. Therefore, we recommend reducing fiscal measures and encouraging monetary policy in the long run to have positive environmental outcomes in the region.

Patents support technological innovations in any economy and would also support a clean environment. We investigate the effects of economic growth, patents, industrialization, and urbanization on CO₂ emissions in 17 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) economies by applying spatial econometrics. We substantiate the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the domestic economies and the whole MENA region as per direct and total estimates. Moreover, urbanization increases CO₂ emissions in local economies and reduces neighboring nations’ emissions. The total effect of urbanization is found to be insignificant. Industrial value added increases CO₂ emissions in domestic and neighboring countries, as well as in the whole MENA region. Patents increase CO₂ emissions in domestic economies. However, patents reduce CO₂ emissions in neighboring countries and the MENA region. Thus, patents have a pleasant effect on the environment in the whole MENA region. It is suggested that the MENA economies focus more on patents to reduce CO₂ emissions. Moreover, urbanization and the industrial sector should be checked to protect the environment.

This research examines entrepreneurial intentions among female students at Princess Nourah University in Saudi Arabia, utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the foundational theoretical framework. The study adopted a quantitative methodology, collecting data through questionnaires distributed to a select group of students. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the complex relationships between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention. The findings indicate a strong tendency towards entrepreneurship, with over 64% of respondents expressing their intention to engage in entrepreneurial activities in the future. This suggests a substantial potential for female entrepreneurship. In contrast, a minor proportion (3.21%) showed no interest in entrepreneurship, and about 32% were undecided, highlighting the necessity for enhanced mentorship and support to encourage their entrepreneurial spirit. The application of TPB reveals that participants generally have positive attitudes and perceived control over entrepreneurship, although societal norms occasionally act as barriers. The study emphasizes the significance of cultural support and academic initiatives, including entrepreneurship courses and incubators, to nurture the entrepreneurial ambitions of female students. Based on these findings, the study advocates for the expansion of mentorship programs to further strengthen female entrepreneurial involvement. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, underscoring the importance of a supportive environment for women’s entrepreneurial ventures.

Psychological capital (PsyCap), which is considered a higher-order construct, is composed of hope, efficacy, optimism, and resilience. The importance of PsyCap stems from the fact that it has the propensity to motivate individuals in their accomplishment of organizational tasks and goals. The concept is related to many behavioral concepts including: subjective well-being, social capital, employee engagement, and emotional intelligence. The majority of the research literature on PsyCap has originated from the West, and limited literature exists about its antecedents and consequences among the Saudi population. Studies undertaken in Saudi Arabia must take into account unique cultural aspects. The present work attempts to identify the contribution that could emerge from the relationship of PsyCap, with constructs like subjective well-being, social capital, and employee engagement, considered through the prism of culture. It also recognizes the influence of, and upon, the external environment. Going beyond the replication of earlier studies, the present work considers the constructs to have a yin-yang relationship. The study presented a model of comprehensive framework emerging from the relevant literature to bring out the complex connections between PsyCap and other constructs. It also emphasized the importance of culture on the identified constructs, and its implication on contribution and performance. The proposed framework needs to be further tested by academics, researchers, and practitioners to confirm its practical implications in industry.

Financial Market Development (FMD), energy consumption, and urbanization can have significant effects on carbon emissions in fossil fuels-dependent GCC economies, which can be a hurdle in the way of targets 8 and 13 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Thus, the influence of these factors on CO2 emissions has been tested in six GCC economies in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. For this purpose, the Cross- Sectional Dependence econometrics has been utilized for the period 1990-2022. The results corroborate the EKC with threshold points of $13867 and $28158 in the long and short run, respectively. In both periods, energy consumption raises emissions. FMD reduces emissions and urbanization raises emissions in the long run. However, their short-run impacts are found insignificant. The study recommends encouraging FMD in the GCC region. However, urbanization and energy consumption should be controlled through policy interventions.