The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) association between income and pollution emissions proxies has been extensively tested in the environmental literature. However, testing of the energy-EKC is scanty. This present research examined the energy–EKC in the cubic relationship of economic growth and different renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies in Egypt from 1965–2019. In the long run, we corroborate the N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, and confirm the long run energy–EKC association in these energy proxies. Moreover, we find turning points of the N-curve for these energy sources in 1998, 2000, and 1979–2005, in primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, respectively. Hence, economic growth is responsible for increasing nonrenewable energy consumption and has environmental consequences in Egypt. In the short run, we find N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption. Further, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship in the case of natural gas consumption. In addition, we corroborate an inverted N-shaped relationship in the case of hydroelectricity consumption, a renewable energy source. Hence, we confirm the short-run energy–EKC relationship in all investigated renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies.

Institutions help to streamline the economic activity-related procedures, where government intervention might be involved. Institutions also play a significant role in social sustainability. The findings using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration for the period from 1984–2019 reveal that investment portfolio and democratic accountability reduce poverty in Pakistan both in the long and short run. Moreover, democratic accountability helps to reduce income inequality, but the investment portfolio’s role is not significant. The literacy rate helps to reduce income inequality, and inflation increases poverty and income inequality. The remittances increase income inequality, and urbanization increases poverty. To eradicate poverty and income inequality, the governments should be accountable for their actions to the general public while they remain in power. If they do not deliver as per their manifestoes, they will not be reelected in the next election. Moreover, there is a dire need to redefine the role of an investment portfolio to reduce the risk of investment. So, investments would increase economic activities and could reduce poverty and income inequality. This study contributes to the literature by inquiring about the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability in social sustainability by reducing poverty and income inequality. This study only considers Pakistan’s economy due to limitations of poverty data availability in other countries. The scope could further be broadened by accessing data for a wider Asia region to test the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability to reduce poverty and income inequality.

This research examines entrepreneurial intentions among female students at Princess Nourah University in Saudi Arabia, utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the foundational theoretical framework. The study adopted a quantitative methodology, collecting data through questionnaires distributed to a select group of students. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the complex relationships between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention. The findings indicate a strong tendency towards entrepreneurship, with over 64% of respondents expressing their intention to engage in entrepreneurial activities in the future. This suggests a substantial potential for female entrepreneurship. In contrast, a minor proportion (3.21%) showed no interest in entrepreneurship, and about 32% were undecided, highlighting the necessity for enhanced mentorship and support to encourage their entrepreneurial spirit. The application of TPB reveals that participants generally have positive attitudes and perceived control over entrepreneurship, although societal norms occasionally act as barriers. The study emphasizes the significance of cultural support and academic initiatives, including entrepreneurship courses and incubators, to nurture the entrepreneurial ambitions of female students. Based on these findings, the study advocates for the expansion of mentorship programs to further strengthen female entrepreneurial involvement. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, underscoring the importance of a supportive environment for women’s entrepreneurial ventures.

The marine fish output in Egypt is considered one of the important pillars for providing animal protein and saving foreign currency from the export of these luxurious fish. The marine surface area of the Mediterranean is estimated at about 6.6 thousand km2, representing about 37.7% of the total marine water area of about 17.05 thousand km2. While the marine surface area of the Red Sea is about 10.45 thousand km2, or about 61.3% of the total marine water bodies in 2020. The research problem is that despite increasing of the marine water area, which is estimated at about 11.24 million feddan, representing about 80.6% of the total water area in Egypt, which is about 13.94 million feddan, the marine fish output is not commensurate with that water area, as the total output reached Marine fish is about 564.39 thousand tons, representing about 22.82% of the total Egyptian fish production, which is about 2.47 million tons in 2022, which calls for studying the current situation of the marine fish production of Mediterranean and Red Sea, and trying to identify the reasons for the decline in the amount of marine fish production, and then the possibility of advancement. this vital sector. This research mainly aims to study the current situation of the marine fish output of Mediterranean and Red Sea in Egypt. The research depends on both descriptive economic analysis and econometrics to estimate the growth functions of the variables under study. The monthly seasonal index of fishery output for Mediterranean and Red Sea was also estimated, as well as the forecast of marine fishery output using the standard SARIMA model. The most important research results: - 1- Decrease in total fish production from the Red Sea at an annual rate of about 2%, with a decrease of about 1.26 thousand tons annually during the study period. 2- Increasing fish production from the northern lakes at an annual growth rate of about 1.2%, an increase of about 1.61 thousand tons annually during the study period. 3- Decrease in fish production from inland waters at an annual rate of about 12% during the study period, with an annual decrease of about 27.1 thousand tons annually. 4- Increasing the total fish production from fish farming at an annual growth rate of about 8.4%, an increase of about 76.39 thousand tons annually during the study period. 5- By examining the monthly seasonal fluctuations in the fisheries output of the Mediterranean fisheries during the period (2017-2020), it was found that there are two distinct periods. The first includes the months of January, February, March, April, and December, and is characterized by lower fish production in that period than the general average due to the increase in marine pollution in the Mediterranean fisheries. As for the second period, it includes the months of May, June, July, August, September, October, and November, and is characterized by a relative increase in marine fish production from the general average, and this is due to the natural and environmental factors affecting the rise in water temperatures in that period, which most of the fish begin to breed and reproduce in the spring and summer, then they grow and grow and their impact appears in those months. 6- By studying the monthly seasonal fluctuations of the total fish output of the Red Sea fisheries during the period (2017-2020), it became clear from the estimation of the monthly seasonal ratios that there are two distinct periods. The first includes the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September and is characterized by lower output in that period than the general average, and the decrease in output in that period is attributed to overfishing by some fishermen, as fry are caught with large fish. Which affects the fish stocks in the Red Sea, which would reduce fish production during that period. As for the second period, it includes the months of January, February, March, October, November, and December. It is characterized by an increase in marine fish production from the general average. This is due to the fact that most fish begin to reproduce during that period of the year.

The research aimed to study the production and marketing of the olive crop in Matrouh Governorate in Egypt. approach this objective, the research depends on the descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis methods in analyzing the data based on two types of data; published and unpublished secondary data, and the primary data collected through two questionnaires through personal interviews with olive producers, wholesalers, and retailers in Matrouh Governorate 2021/2022, where a Random sample of Olive crop producers has been captured from Siwa (based on a 100 producers in the villages of Abu Shroff and Siwa, and a random sample of traders was selected, consisting of 25 wholesaling shops and 25 retailers who deal with wholesalers. The most important results of the search were as follows:(1) The total production elasticity in the estimated production function of the olive crop was about 0.963, which indicates that olive production is subject to decreasing returns to scale, (2) The economic efficiency coefficients of the olive crop production resources which are the number of human labor, the quantities used of municipal fertilizer, nitrogenous, phosphate, and potash are about 10.76, 1.46, 14.69, 17.09, and 8.32, respectively, and this indicates that the producers of the olive crop can increase the profits of the olive crop production by increasing the number of human labor, the quantities used from those resources, (3) The marketing efficiency of the olive crop in the research sample reached about 47.19%, which means that a decrease in the marketing efficiency and this is due to the lower price the producers get on from the price paid by the consumer.

This paper aimed to study the most important factors affecting the growth of the Egyptian economy, represented in its quantitative form by GDP, by studying each of: Development of the current situation of GDP and each of the following economic indicators as the most important quantitative factors affecting GDP, exports and imports College, foreign investment, development aid, and external debt in Egypt during the period (2000-2020). Estimating the standard (VAR) model to measure the impact of each of total exports and imports, foreign investment, development aid, and external debt on the growth of the Egyptian economy. Forecasting the economic indicators under study to know the future expectations of Egyptian economic growth. The research reached many results, the most important of which are: an increase in the gross domestic product, total exports, total imports, development aid, and external debt at a growth rate of about 8.1%, 5.4%, 7.3%, 6.7%, and 6.4%, respectively, during the study period. The results also showed that the most important factors affecting the Egyptian economic growth through the multiple regression model and using the first differences to identify the factors, which are the total value of Egyptian total exports, the total value of Egyptian total imports, and foreign investment. Where it became clear through the results of the model that the Egyptian gross domestic product is positively affected by the increase in total Egyptian exports and is negatively affected by the increase in Egyptian total imports, as well as by foreign direct investment during the study period and that these variables together explain about 87.5% of the changes affecting the gross domestic product. It also found a significant indication of a one-way causal relationship extending from each of total exports, total imports, and foreign investment to the gross domestic product (Egyptian economic growth). It was also clear from the forecast results that there are negative effects of the economic indicators under study on the gross domestic product, which is represented in the increase in the value of imports over the value of exports, which constitutes a deficit in the Egyptian trade balance of about $6.85 billion, which constitutes a burden on the Egyptian trade balance. It is also evident that the value of development aid has decreased, which negatively affects the Egyptian economic growth, as well as the increase in the value of the public debt by 60.4%, which is a large percentage that greatly impedes the processes of economic growth. The foregoing may be attributed to the negative effects resulting from the repercussions of the novel coronavirus pandemic, which lasted from 2020 until approximately the beginning of 2021. Which resulted in many obstacles in economic and social development.