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Whilst multiple countries in Europe have wildlife health surveillance (WHS) programmes, they vary in scope. In many countries, coordinated general surveillance at a national scale is not conducted and the knowledge of wildlife health status in Europe remains limited. Learning lessons from countries with established systems may help others to effectively implement WHS schemes. In order to facilitate information exchange, the WHS Network of the European Wildlife Disease Association organised a workshop to both collate knowledge and experience from countries that had started or expanded WHS programmes and to translate this information into practical recommendations. Presentations were given by invited representatives of European countries with different WHS levels. Events that led to the start-up and fostered growth spurts of WHS were highlighted, including action plan creation, partnership formation, organisation restructuring and appraisal by external audit. Challenges to programme development, such as a lack of funding, data sharing, infrastructural provision and method harmonisation, were explored. Recommendations to help overcome key challenges were summarised as: understanding and awareness; cross-sectoral scope; national-scale collaboration; harmonisation of methods; government support; academic support; other funding support; staff expertise and capacity; leadership, feedback and engagement; and threat mitigation and wildlife disease management. This resource may enable the development of WHS programmes in Europe and beyond.
Becki Lawson; Aleksija Neimanis; Antonio Lavazza; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Paul Tavernier; Charalambos Billinis; J. Paul Duff; Daniel T. Mladenov; Jolianne M. Rijks; Sara Savić; Gudrun Wibbelt; Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis; Thijs Kuiken. How to Start Up a National Wildlife Health Surveillance Programme. Animals 2021, 11, 2543 .
AMA StyleBecki Lawson, Aleksija Neimanis, Antonio Lavazza, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Paul Tavernier, Charalambos Billinis, J. Paul Duff, Daniel T. Mladenov, Jolianne M. Rijks, Sara Savić, Gudrun Wibbelt, Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis, Thijs Kuiken. How to Start Up a National Wildlife Health Surveillance Programme. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBecki Lawson; Aleksija Neimanis; Antonio Lavazza; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Paul Tavernier; Charalambos Billinis; J. Paul Duff; Daniel T. Mladenov; Jolianne M. Rijks; Sara Savić; Gudrun Wibbelt; Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis; Thijs Kuiken. 2021. "How to Start Up a National Wildlife Health Surveillance Programme." Animals 11, no. 9: 2543.
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) constitute an emerging public health concern favoured by multidimensional global changes. Amongst these, increase and spread of wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are of special concern, since this species can act as reservoir of zoonotic pathogens and promote tick abundance. Thus, we aimed to make a first assessment of the risk by TBPs resulting from wild boar and ticks in the vicinity of a highly populated area. Between 2014 and 2016, we collected spleen samples and 2256 ticks from 261 wild boars (out of 438 inspected) in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (MAB; northeast Spain). We morphologically identified four tick species: Hyalomma lusitanicum (infestation prevalence: 33.6%), Dermacentor marginatus (26.9%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus -sensu lato- (18.9%) and Rhipicephalus bursa (0.2%). Ticks were pooled according to species and individual host. A total of 180 tick pools and 167 spleen samples were screened by real-time PCR and/or reverse line blot hybridization assay for Ehrlichia sp., Anaplasma sp., Babesia sp., Rickettsia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Coxiella burnetii. Seventy-two out of the 180 tick pools were positive to Rickettsia spp. (minimum prevalence of 8.7%), including Rickettsia massiliae, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia raoultii. We did not detect Rickettsia spp. in wild boar spleens, nor other TBPs in ticks or wild boars. Since the ticks identified can bite humans and the recorded spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFG) are zoonotic pathogens, there is a risk of SFG rickettsiae transmission for MAB inhabitants. Our results suggest a broader distribution of Hyalomma lusitanicum, competent vector for the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, than previously known. Wild boar is not a Rickettsia spp. reservoir according to the spleen negative results. However, its abundance could favour tick life cycle and abundance and its proximity to humans could promote the infection risk by Rickettsia spp. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Raquel Castillo‐Contreras; Luis Magen; Richard Birtles; Lucía Varela‐Castro; Jessica L. Hall; Carles Conejero; Xavier Fernandez Aguilar; Andreu Colom‐Cadena; Santiago Lavín; Gregorio Mentaberre; Jorge R. López‐Olvera. Ticks on wild boar in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) are infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleRaquel Castillo‐Contreras, Luis Magen, Richard Birtles, Lucía Varela‐Castro, Jessica L. Hall, Carles Conejero, Xavier Fernandez Aguilar, Andreu Colom‐Cadena, Santiago Lavín, Gregorio Mentaberre, Jorge R. López‐Olvera. Ticks on wild boar in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) are infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Castillo‐Contreras; Luis Magen; Richard Birtles; Lucía Varela‐Castro; Jessica L. Hall; Carles Conejero; Xavier Fernandez Aguilar; Andreu Colom‐Cadena; Santiago Lavín; Gregorio Mentaberre; Jorge R. López‐Olvera. 2021. "Ticks on wild boar in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) are infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Disease transmission among wild boars, domestic animals and humans is a public health concern, especially in areas with high wild boar densities. In this study, fecal samples of wild boars (n = 200) from different locations of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona were analyzed by PCR to explore the frequency of β-lactamases and extended cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance genes (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli strains and the presence of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile. The prevalence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials was 8.0% (16/200): blaCMY-2 (3.0%), blaTEM-1b (2.5%), blaCTX-M-14 (1.0%), blaSHV-28 (1.0%), blaCTX-M-15 (0.5%) and blaCMY-1 (0.5%). Clostridioides difficile TcdA+ was detected in two wild boars (1.0%), which is the first report of this pathogen in wild boars in Spain. Moreover, the wild boars foraging in urban and peri-urban locations were more exposed to AMRB sources than the wild boars dwelling in natural environments. In conclusion, the detection of E. coli carrying ESBL/AmpC genes and toxigenic C. difficile in wild boars foraging in urban areas reinforces the value of this game species as a sentinel of environmental AMRB sources. In addition, these wild boars can be a public and environmental health concern by disseminating AMRB and other zoonotic agents. Although this study provides the first hints of the potential anthropogenic sources of AMR, further efforts should be conducted to identify and control them.
Laila Darwich; Chiara Seminati; Jorge López-Olvera; Anna Vidal; Laia Aguirre; Marina Cerdá; Biel Garcias; Marta Valldeperes; Raquel Castillo-Contreras; Lourdes Migura-Garcia; Carles Conejero; Gregorio Mentaberre. Detection of Beta-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains in Wild Boars Foraging in an Anthropization Gradient. Animals 2021, 11, 1585 .
AMA StyleLaila Darwich, Chiara Seminati, Jorge López-Olvera, Anna Vidal, Laia Aguirre, Marina Cerdá, Biel Garcias, Marta Valldeperes, Raquel Castillo-Contreras, Lourdes Migura-Garcia, Carles Conejero, Gregorio Mentaberre. Detection of Beta-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains in Wild Boars Foraging in an Anthropization Gradient. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaila Darwich; Chiara Seminati; Jorge López-Olvera; Anna Vidal; Laia Aguirre; Marina Cerdá; Biel Garcias; Marta Valldeperes; Raquel Castillo-Contreras; Lourdes Migura-Garcia; Carles Conejero; Gregorio Mentaberre. 2021. "Detection of Beta-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli and Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains in Wild Boars Foraging in an Anthropization Gradient." Animals 11, no. 6: 1585.
The diet composition of ungulates is important to understand not only their impact on vegetation, but also to understand the consequences of natural and human-driven environmental changes on the foraging behavior of these mammals. In this work, we evaluated the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis (NIRS), a quick, economic and non-destructive method, to assess the diet composition of the Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica. Fecal samples (n = 192) were collected from two chamois populations in the French and Spanish Pyrenees. Diet composition was initially assessed by fecal cuticle microhistological analysis (CMA) and categorized into four functional groups, namely: woody, herbaceous, graminoid and Fabaceae plants. Regressions of modified partial least squares and several combinations of scattering correction and derivative treatments were tested. The results showed that models based on the second derivative processing obtained the higher determination coefficient for woody, herbaceous and graminoid plants (R2CAL, coefficient of determination in calibration, ranged from 0.86 to 0.91). The Fabaceae group, however, was predicted with lower accuracy (R2CAL = 0.71). Even though an agreement between NIRS and CMA methods was confirmed by a Bland–Altman analysis, confidence limits of agreement differed by up to 25%. Our results support the viability of fecal NIRS analysis to study spatial and temporal variations of the Pyrenean chamois’ diets in summer and winter when differences in the consumption of woody and annual plants are the greatest. This new use for the NIRS technique would be useful to assess the consequences of global change on the feeding behavior of this mountain ungulate and also in other ungulate counterparts.
Laia Jarque-Bascuñana; Jordi Bartolomé; Emmanuel Serrano; Johan Espunyes; Mathieu Garel; Juan Calleja Alarcón; Jorge López-Olvera; Elena Albanell. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis to Predict Diet Composition of a Mountain Ungulate Species. Animals 2021, 11, 1449 .
AMA StyleLaia Jarque-Bascuñana, Jordi Bartolomé, Emmanuel Serrano, Johan Espunyes, Mathieu Garel, Juan Calleja Alarcón, Jorge López-Olvera, Elena Albanell. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis to Predict Diet Composition of a Mountain Ungulate Species. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1449.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaia Jarque-Bascuñana; Jordi Bartolomé; Emmanuel Serrano; Johan Espunyes; Mathieu Garel; Juan Calleja Alarcón; Jorge López-Olvera; Elena Albanell. 2021. "Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Analysis to Predict Diet Composition of a Mountain Ungulate Species." Animals 11, no. 5: 1449.
Infections by Chlamydiae are associated with ocular disease in humans and animals. In this study, the presence and diversity of Chlamydia spp. was assessed in diseased and healthy eyes of domestic sheep and wild ruminants that share mountain habitats in northern Spain. The presence of Chlamydia spp. was tested by real-time PCR in 1786 conjunctival swabs collected from both eyes of 893 animals from mountain habitats in northern Spain, and chlamydial species were identified in the positive samples by ArrayTube microarray methods. Chlamydial DNA was detected in 0.6% (CI95% 0.2–1.3) of the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and 1.4% (CI95% Ovis aries) sampled, with Chlamydia pecorum the only chlamydial species identified. No association of C. pecorum with ocular disease or co-infection with Mycoplasma conjunctivae was found. Further studies on the pathogenesis of infectious keratoconjunctivitis are needed to better understand the ecology of C. pecorum and its possible role as a ruminant pathogen at the wildlife–livestock interface.
Andrea Dias-Alves; Oscar Cabezón; Nicole Borel; Jorge López-Olvera; Gregorio Mentaberre; Santiago Lavín; Xavier Fernández Aguilar. Molecular Detection and Identification of Chlamydiaceae in the Eyes of Wild and Domestic Ruminant Hosts from Northern Spain. Pathogens 2021, 10, 383 .
AMA StyleAndrea Dias-Alves, Oscar Cabezón, Nicole Borel, Jorge López-Olvera, Gregorio Mentaberre, Santiago Lavín, Xavier Fernández Aguilar. Molecular Detection and Identification of Chlamydiaceae in the Eyes of Wild and Domestic Ruminant Hosts from Northern Spain. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (3):383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Dias-Alves; Oscar Cabezón; Nicole Borel; Jorge López-Olvera; Gregorio Mentaberre; Santiago Lavín; Xavier Fernández Aguilar. 2021. "Molecular Detection and Identification of Chlamydiaceae in the Eyes of Wild and Domestic Ruminant Hosts from Northern Spain." Pathogens 10, no. 3: 383.
Urbanisation is a global human-induced environmental change and one of the most important threats to biodiversity. To survive in human-modified environments, wildlife must adjust to the challenging selection pressures of urban areas through behaviour, morphology, physiology and/or genetic changes. Here we explore the effect of urbanisation in a large, highly adaptable and generalist urban adapter species, the wild boar (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus 1758). From 2005 to 2018, we gathered wild boar data and samples from three areas in NE Spain: one urban (Barcelona municipality, n = 445), and two non-urban (Serra de Collserola Natural Park, n = 183, and Sant Llorenç del Munt i Serra de l'Obac Natural Park, n = 54). We investigated whether urbanisation influenced wild boar body size, body mass, body condition, and the concentration of serum metabolites, considering also the effect of age, sex and use of anthropogenic food resources. Wild boars from the urban area had larger body size, higher body mass, better body condition, and a higher triglyceride and lower creatinine serum concentrations than non-urban wild boars. In addition, urban wild boars consumed food from anthropogenic origin more frequently, which suggests that differences in their diet probably induced the biometric and the metabolic changes observed. These responses are probably adaptive and suggest that wild boars are thriving in the urban environment. Our results show that urbanisation can change the morphological and physiological traits of a large mammal urban adapter, which may have consequences in the ecology and response to urban selection pressures by the species. The phenotypic plasticity shown by wild boars provides both further and new evidence on the mechanisms that allow urban adapter species of greater size to respond to urbanisation, which is expected to continue growing globally over the coming decades.
Raquel Castillo-Contreras; Gregorio Mentaberre; Xavier Fernandez Aguilar; Carles Conejero; Andreu Colom-Cadena; Arián Ráez-Bravo; Carlos González-Crespo; Johan Espunyes; Santiago Lavín; Jorge R. López-Olvera. Wild boar in the city: Phenotypic responses to urbanisation. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 773, 145593 .
AMA StyleRaquel Castillo-Contreras, Gregorio Mentaberre, Xavier Fernandez Aguilar, Carles Conejero, Andreu Colom-Cadena, Arián Ráez-Bravo, Carlos González-Crespo, Johan Espunyes, Santiago Lavín, Jorge R. López-Olvera. Wild boar in the city: Phenotypic responses to urbanisation. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 773 ():145593.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Castillo-Contreras; Gregorio Mentaberre; Xavier Fernandez Aguilar; Carles Conejero; Andreu Colom-Cadena; Arián Ráez-Bravo; Carlos González-Crespo; Johan Espunyes; Santiago Lavín; Jorge R. López-Olvera. 2021. "Wild boar in the city: Phenotypic responses to urbanisation." Science of The Total Environment 773, no. : 145593.
Jorge Ramón López-Olvera. Papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de jabalí. El papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJorge Ramón López-Olvera. Papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de jabalí. El papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Ramón López-Olvera. 2021. "Papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de jabalí." El papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas , no. : 1.
Fasciola hepatica is a liver parasite of ruminants whose distribution is determined by its intermediate host, the freshwater snail Galba truncatula. In Europe, F. hepatica is mostly associated with lowlands. Infection from sympatric domestic reservoirs is rarely reported in wild mountain ungulates. This study explores F. hepatica in a multi‐host system in a European alpine area. Serum samples (n = 1,209) from Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica), European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and domestic cattle (Bos taurus) were collected in the National Game Reserve of Freser‐Setcases (NGRFS) in Catalonia, Northeastern Spain, from 2008 to 2019, and tested for antibodies against F. hepatica. During the same period, the livers of 214 chamois hunted in the NGRFS were inspected for F. hepatica and associated pathological changes. Finally, 907 freshwater snails were collected in summer 2016 between 1559 and 2,224 metres above sea level (asl) in the NGRFS, and F. hepatica DNA sought by PCR. Antibodies against F. hepatica were detected in all four species, with a higher prevalence in cattle and sheep than in chamois. Fasciola hepatica and hepatic lesions were concurrently observed in 13/214 of the chamois livers inspected (6.1%, CI95 2.9%–9.3%). Fasciola hepatica DNA was detected in one out of the 907 snails (0.1%, Cl95 0.1% – 0.3%; Ct value 33.3) and collected at 2054 m asl. Fasciola hepatica was consistently detected in a high mountain multi‐host system, suggesting that its life cycle is completed and that it occurs endemically at the highest elevation reported in Europe. Transhumant livestock are the likely source in this alpine ecosystem, which according to rare occurrence of F. hepatica DNA in G. truncatula is still a suboptimal habitat for F. hepatica life cycle. Studying parasites at their highest distribution range can be useful to monitor climate change in seasonal mountain environments.
Claudia Roldán; Mattia Begovoeva; Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera; Roser Velarde; Óscar Cabezón; Anna Rita Molinar Min; Federica Pizzato; Mario Pasquetti; Xavier Fernández Aguilar; Gregorio Mentaberre; Emmanuel Serrano; Maria Puig Ribas; Johan Espunyes; Raquel Castillo‐Contreras; Josep Estruch; Luca Rossi. Endemic occurrence of Fasciola hepatica in an alpine ecosystem, Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleClaudia Roldán, Mattia Begovoeva, Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera, Roser Velarde, Óscar Cabezón, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Federica Pizzato, Mario Pasquetti, Xavier Fernández Aguilar, Gregorio Mentaberre, Emmanuel Serrano, Maria Puig Ribas, Johan Espunyes, Raquel Castillo‐Contreras, Josep Estruch, Luca Rossi. Endemic occurrence of Fasciola hepatica in an alpine ecosystem, Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia Roldán; Mattia Begovoeva; Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera; Roser Velarde; Óscar Cabezón; Anna Rita Molinar Min; Federica Pizzato; Mario Pasquetti; Xavier Fernández Aguilar; Gregorio Mentaberre; Emmanuel Serrano; Maria Puig Ribas; Johan Espunyes; Raquel Castillo‐Contreras; Josep Estruch; Luca Rossi. 2020. "Endemic occurrence of Fasciola hepatica in an alpine ecosystem, Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Background Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are increasing worldwide and invading urban areas. Live-capture can improve the management of this challenge, maximising efficiency, allowing scientific studies and potentially improving animal welfare. This study assesses teleanaesthesia, drop-net, corral trap and cage trap to live-capture wild boar in urban and peri-urban areas, evaluating efficiency and animal stress through haematology and serum biochemistry. Methods From 2012 to 2018, 655 wild boars were captured in 279 operations (drop-net=17, teleanaesthesia=186, cage trap=66 and corral trap=10) in the urban and peri-urban areas of Barcelona (Spain). Haematological and serum biochemical variables were determined in 145 wild boars (42 drop-netted, 41 teleanaesthetised, 38 cage-trapped and 24 corral-trapped). Results Performance (wild boars captured per operation) was highest for drop-net, followed by corral and cage traps, and finally teleanaesthesia. The three physical capture methods were more stressful than teleanaesthesia, causing a more intense physiological reaction, muscular damage, renal function impairment and homeostasis adaption. Stress response was predominantly adrenergic for drop-net and cortisol-induced for cage and corral traps. Conclusion Teleanaesthesia is the choice in reactive urban situations thanks to its adaptability; drop-net effectively targets wild boars in peri-urban environments; cage and corral traps are useful as long-term methods in specific areas.
Irene Torres‐Blas; Gregorio Mentaberre; Raquel Castillo‐Contreras; Xavier Fernández‐Aguilar; Carles Conejero; Marta Valldeperes; Carlos González‐Crespo; Andreu Colom‐Cadena; Santiago Lavín; Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera. Assessing methods to live‐capture wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) in urban and peri‐urban environments. Veterinary Record 2020, 187, 1 .
AMA StyleIrene Torres‐Blas, Gregorio Mentaberre, Raquel Castillo‐Contreras, Xavier Fernández‐Aguilar, Carles Conejero, Marta Valldeperes, Carlos González‐Crespo, Andreu Colom‐Cadena, Santiago Lavín, Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera. Assessing methods to live‐capture wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) in urban and peri‐urban environments. Veterinary Record. 2020; 187 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrene Torres‐Blas; Gregorio Mentaberre; Raquel Castillo‐Contreras; Xavier Fernández‐Aguilar; Carles Conejero; Marta Valldeperes; Carlos González‐Crespo; Andreu Colom‐Cadena; Santiago Lavín; Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera. 2020. "Assessing methods to live‐capture wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) in urban and peri‐urban environments." Veterinary Record 187, no. 10: 1.
Sarcoptic mange is a cosmopolitan disease affecting the skin of domestic and wild mammalian species and humans as well. In Eurasia, sarcoptidosis (also known as sarcoptic mange or scabies) affects mountain ungulates (Caprinae) among other wild hosts, and epizootic outbreaks induce variable mortality rates. This fact, coupled with the important ecological and socio‐economic values of such mammalian hosts, resulted in many research projects being focused on addressing ecological, physiological, behavioural, genetic, and pathological effects of the disease. Nevertheless, information about management of sarcoptic mange in free‐ranging populations is scarce and scattered, with contradictory results and a lack of consensus on basic aspects of the disease. In this review, we summarise knowledge on the effects of sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae, at individual, pathological and population epidemiological levels, as well as on the current tools and management strategies for its detection, diagnosis, prevention, and control. Disease spread in naïve populations is ca. 6 km year−1, and the mortality rate can be >95%. Tools for monitoring the disease include visual diagnosis, photographic traps, trained dogs, thermography, immunodiagnostics, molecular tools, radiocollars, and epidemiological modelling. Options for management include eradication, control, and prevention of the disease; biosecurity and prevention of spread to humans can be achieved by careful hygiene methods. Sarcoptic mange is a natural, biological factor controlling host population numbers and dynamics in Caprinae, so goals and strategies for its management in wild populations must be set accordingly. Specific management programmes for preventing and controlling sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae populations must be based on reliable epidemiological data. More research is needed to provide evidence‐based policies. The efficacy and safety of various management approaches remain to be tested experimentally.
Jesús M. Pérez; José E. Granados; José Espinosa; Arián Ráez‐Bravo; Jorge R. López‐Olvera; Luca Rossi; Pier Giuseppe Meneguz; Samer Angelone; Paulino Fandos; Ramón C Soriguer. Biology and management of sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae populations. Mammal Review 2020, 51, 82 -94.
AMA StyleJesús M. Pérez, José E. Granados, José Espinosa, Arián Ráez‐Bravo, Jorge R. López‐Olvera, Luca Rossi, Pier Giuseppe Meneguz, Samer Angelone, Paulino Fandos, Ramón C Soriguer. Biology and management of sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae populations. Mammal Review. 2020; 51 (1):82-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús M. Pérez; José E. Granados; José Espinosa; Arián Ráez‐Bravo; Jorge R. López‐Olvera; Luca Rossi; Pier Giuseppe Meneguz; Samer Angelone; Paulino Fandos; Ramón C Soriguer. 2020. "Biology and management of sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae populations." Mammal Review 51, no. 1: 82-94.
Acute phase protein (APP) concentrations can change due to inflammation and be used to monitor disease in the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). This study aimed to validate Haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA) analytes, establish reference values, and characterize Hp and SAA responses in the Iberian ibex after experimentally induced inflammation and experimental bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. Sera from 40 free-ranging box-trapped ibexes were used to establish Hp and SAA reference values. Six healthy ibexes were subcutaneously injected with 5 mL of turpentine, then, blood samples were taken, and clinical evaluations were performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 postinjection. Another seven ibexes were challenged with BTV. Serum Hp and SAA concentrations were quantified using commercial assays following the manufacturer's instructions. Intra-assay precision and linearity were acceptable for both Hp and SAA. Intra-assay variation for high and low concentration of Hp and SAA were 9.74% and 17.31% and 16.49% and 12.89%, respectively. Inter-assay variation was higher for the low APP concentrations. Reference values for the healthy Iberian ibexes were (median, minimum, and maximum values) 0.2 (0.12-0.64) g/L for Hp and 4.74 (0.05-29.54) mg/L for SAA. Both Hp and SAA acted as a moderate and a major APP, respectively, and each could distinguish animals with turpentine-induced inflammation from those without. Hp and SAA did not change in asymptomatic BTV-infected animals. This study validated Hp and SAA analytes and provided basal reference values for these analytes in the Iberian ibex. Both APPs were able to discriminate between healthy and diseased Iberian ibexes animals during turpentine-induced inflammatory processes.
Josep Pastor; Ester Bach; Arián Ráez‐Bravo; Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera; Asta Tvarijonaviciute; José Enrique Granados; José Espinosa; Jesús Pérez; Santiago Lavín; Rafaela Cuenca. Method validation, reference values, and characterization of acute‐phase protein responses to experimentally induced inflammation and bluetongue virus infection in the Iberian ibex. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2019, 48, 695 -701.
AMA StyleJosep Pastor, Ester Bach, Arián Ráez‐Bravo, Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera, Asta Tvarijonaviciute, José Enrique Granados, José Espinosa, Jesús Pérez, Santiago Lavín, Rafaela Cuenca. Method validation, reference values, and characterization of acute‐phase protein responses to experimentally induced inflammation and bluetongue virus infection in the Iberian ibex. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2019; 48 (4):695-701.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosep Pastor; Ester Bach; Arián Ráez‐Bravo; Jorge Ramón López‐Olvera; Asta Tvarijonaviciute; José Enrique Granados; José Espinosa; Jesús Pérez; Santiago Lavín; Rafaela Cuenca. 2019. "Method validation, reference values, and characterization of acute‐phase protein responses to experimentally induced inflammation and bluetongue virus infection in the Iberian ibex." Veterinary Clinical Pathology 48, no. 4: 695-701.
Sarcoptic mange is a broadly distributed parasitic disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei that affects wild mammals from all over the world, including the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Selective culling of the scabietic individuals is the main management measure for disease control in Iberian ibex populations. Although visual identification of mange-compatible lesions is the reference method to decide the target individual, both false negative and positive cases are common in the wild. The aim of this work is to determine the sensitivity (SE), and the specificity (SP) of selective culling after evaluating 403 ibexes hunted in the Sierra Nevada Nature Space for sarcoptic mange control between 2002 and 2015. A combination of skin scrapings and potassium hidroxide (KOH) skin digestion was used for sarcoptic mange diagnosis. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to assess the effects of sex, age (juveniles and adults) and period of the year (wet and dry periods) on the SE and SP of the visual diagnosis method. The SE obtained for the visual determination of scabietic ibexes was 87.14%, whereas the SP was 60.71%. According to our model selection, SE of the visual diagnosis was explained by the additive effects of age and the period of the year. In fact, SE was lower in juveniles (64.76%) than in adults (94.26%) and during the dry period (73.44%) as compared to the wet period (92.09%). On the other hand, SP was best explained by the GLM including the additive effects of sex and the period of the year. The visual diagnosis of sarcoptic mange resulted less specific in females (22.73%) than in males (74.19%) and during the wet (55.22%) than in the dry period (82.35%). Maximizing SE and SP is essential to achieving a high rate of removal of affected individuals from the environment without eliminating potentially resistant individuals. Selective culling must be conservative during the wet period and with females due to the lower SP. Conversely, visual diagnosis of scabietic juveniles and during the dry period has to be improved, due to the lower SE.
Marta Valldeperes; José Enrique Granados; Jesús María Pérez; Inmaculada Castro; Arián Ráez-Bravo; Paulino Fandos; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Emmanuel Serrano; Gregorio Mentaberre. How sensitive and specific is the visual diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging Iberian ibexes? Parasites & Vectors 2019, 12, 1 -7.
AMA StyleMarta Valldeperes, José Enrique Granados, Jesús María Pérez, Inmaculada Castro, Arián Ráez-Bravo, Paulino Fandos, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Emmanuel Serrano, Gregorio Mentaberre. How sensitive and specific is the visual diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging Iberian ibexes? Parasites & Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Valldeperes; José Enrique Granados; Jesús María Pérez; Inmaculada Castro; Arián Ráez-Bravo; Paulino Fandos; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Emmanuel Serrano; Gregorio Mentaberre. 2019. "How sensitive and specific is the visual diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging Iberian ibexes?" Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1: 1-7.
Mycoplasma conjunctivae is an obligate microparasite that causes Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in Caprinae species. IKC is a long-recognised disease, but little attention has been paid to the mechanisms of transmission of the mycoplasma and its occurrence in locations other than the eyes. In this study, the presence of M. conjunctivae is assessed in the eyes, external ear canals (EEC), nasal cavity, and vagina of host species as well as in potential vectors, which may be involved in the transmission and persistence of infection within the host. M. conjunctivae was detected by qPCR in 7.2 % (CI 95% 4.7-11.0) of the ear swabs and 9.5 % (CI 95% 6.4-13.9) of the nasal swabs from Pyrenean chamois, Iberian ibex, domestic sheep and mouflon without statistical differences between species. Mycoplasma detection in nasal swabs was mostly associated with ocular infection (95.6%), but this was not the case for EEC (52.6%). Among the eye-positive ruminants, 27.3% were positive in ear swabs and 64.7% in nasal swabs, and the threshold cycle values of the qPCR were correlated only between eye and nasal swabs (p < 0.01; r2 = 0.56). M. conjunctivae was detected in 1.7% - 7.1 % of Musca spp. captured during an IKC outbreak in Iberian ibex and in one out of three endemic sheep flocks. The results indicate that the transmission of M. conjunctivae may occur by direct contact with eye or nasal secretions and/or indirectly through flies. The M. conjunctivae DNA detection in EEC suggests that it can colonise the auditory tract, but the significance for its persistence within the host should be further assessed.
Xavier Fernández Aguilar; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Maria Puig Ribas; Mattia Begovoeva; Roser Velarde; Jesús Cardells; Oscar Cabezón. Mycoplasma conjunctivae in insect vectors and anatomic locations related to transmission and persistence. Veterinary Microbiology 2018, 228, 7 -11.
AMA StyleXavier Fernández Aguilar, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Maria Puig Ribas, Mattia Begovoeva, Roser Velarde, Jesús Cardells, Oscar Cabezón. Mycoplasma conjunctivae in insect vectors and anatomic locations related to transmission and persistence. Veterinary Microbiology. 2018; 228 ():7-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXavier Fernández Aguilar; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Maria Puig Ribas; Mattia Begovoeva; Roser Velarde; Jesús Cardells; Oscar Cabezón. 2018. "Mycoplasma conjunctivae in insect vectors and anatomic locations related to transmission and persistence." Veterinary Microbiology 228, no. : 7-11.
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) population spread into urban and periurban areas has exacerbated conflicts with humans. There is a need for planned wild boar management strategies, and Population viability analysis (PVA) combined with perturbation analyses allow the assessment of the management effort of control methods. Our study aims to develop stochastic predictive models of the increasing wild boar population of the 80 km2 peri-urban Mediterranean area of Collserola Natural Park (CNP), located near Barcelona, Spain, as well as assessing specific management measures (including reduced food availability, selective harvest, and reduction in fertility). Population parameters were estimated from previously published census and hunting data provided by the CNP and the local hunting administration. The results revealed that under the current conditions the CNP wild boar population will continue to increase. The most efficient strategy to reduce wild boar abundance was a combination of reducing supplementary anthropogenic food resources and selective removal of juvenile (<1 year) and yearling (1–2 years) wild boar. These strategies will probably be also the most efficient ones in other oversupplemented increasing wild boar populations in similar situations, although specific studies will be needed to fine-tune the best management option for each context. PVA allows the prediction of future population trends and the assessment of the efficacy and efficiency of potential management strategies before implementing management measures.
Carlos González-Crespo; Emmanuel Serrano; Seán Cahill; Raquel Castillo Contreras; Lluís Cabañeros; José María López-Martín; Joan Roldán; Santiago Lavín; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera. Stochastic assessment of management strategies for a Mediterranean peri-urban wild boar population. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0202289 .
AMA StyleCarlos González-Crespo, Emmanuel Serrano, Seán Cahill, Raquel Castillo Contreras, Lluís Cabañeros, José María López-Martín, Joan Roldán, Santiago Lavín, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera. Stochastic assessment of management strategies for a Mediterranean peri-urban wild boar population. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (8):e0202289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos González-Crespo; Emmanuel Serrano; Seán Cahill; Raquel Castillo Contreras; Lluís Cabañeros; José María López-Martín; Joan Roldán; Santiago Lavín; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera. 2018. "Stochastic assessment of management strategies for a Mediterranean peri-urban wild boar population." PLOS ONE 13, no. 8: e0202289.
During the course of parasitic disease infestations, parasite population sizes change at both individual host (infrapopulation) and host population (metapopulation) levels. However, most studies only report epidemiological values for specific locations and times. In this study we analysed the dynamics of several Sarcoptes scabiei infrapopulations from experimentally infested Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica. We obtained mite counts by digesting small skin biopsies, which we compared with indices obtained from histopathological analyses performed on adjacent skin biopsies. We obtained the finite growth rate and the daily growth rate for the mite infrapopulations: mean ± SE = 11.53 ± 10.17 and 0.10 ± 0.08 mites/day, respectively. Mite counts derived from skin sample digestion did not correlate with the histological mite indices obtained from adjacent skin biopsies. At a metapopulational level, both indices of mite abundance were modelled using GLMMs and the factors influencing their variation are analysed and discussed. Our results suggest that mites are not distributed uniformly over the whole area of the skin lesion. Therefore, direct diagnoses of mange and mite counts could be inaccurate if only small skin samples are used.
Inmaculada Castro; José Espinosa; José E. Granados; Francisco J. Cano-Manuel; Paulino Fandos; Arián Ráez-Bravo; Jorge R. López-Olvera; Ramon Soriguer; Jesús M. Pérez. Characterizing the growth of Sarcoptes scabiei infrapopulations. Experimental and Applied Acarology 2018, 76, 41 -52.
AMA StyleInmaculada Castro, José Espinosa, José E. Granados, Francisco J. Cano-Manuel, Paulino Fandos, Arián Ráez-Bravo, Jorge R. López-Olvera, Ramon Soriguer, Jesús M. Pérez. Characterizing the growth of Sarcoptes scabiei infrapopulations. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2018; 76 (1):41-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInmaculada Castro; José Espinosa; José E. Granados; Francisco J. Cano-Manuel; Paulino Fandos; Arián Ráez-Bravo; Jorge R. López-Olvera; Ramon Soriguer; Jesús M. Pérez. 2018. "Characterizing the growth of Sarcoptes scabiei infrapopulations." Experimental and Applied Acarology 76, no. 1: 41-52.
João P.V. Santos; Pelayo Acevedo; João Carvalho; João Queirós; Miriam Villamuelas; Carlos Fonseca; Christian Gortázar; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Joaquín Vicente. The importance of intrinsic traits, environment and human activities in modulating stress levels in a wild ungulate. Ecological Indicators 2018, 89, 706 -715.
AMA StyleJoão P.V. Santos, Pelayo Acevedo, João Carvalho, João Queirós, Miriam Villamuelas, Carlos Fonseca, Christian Gortázar, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Joaquín Vicente. The importance of intrinsic traits, environment and human activities in modulating stress levels in a wild ungulate. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 89 ():706-715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoão P.V. Santos; Pelayo Acevedo; João Carvalho; João Queirós; Miriam Villamuelas; Carlos Fonseca; Christian Gortázar; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Joaquín Vicente. 2018. "The importance of intrinsic traits, environment and human activities in modulating stress levels in a wild ungulate." Ecological Indicators 89, no. : 706-715.
Defining hidden genetic diversity within species is of great significance when attempting to maintain the evolutionary potential of natural populations and conduct appropriate management. Our hypothesis is that isolated (and eventually small) wild animal populations hide unexpected genetic diversity due to their maintenance of ancient polymorphisms or introgressions. We tested this hypothesis using the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) as an example. Previous studies based on large sample sizes taken from its principal populations have revealed that the Iberian ibex has a remarkably small MHC DRB1 diversity (only six remnant alleles) as a result of recent population bottlenecks and a marked demographic decline that has led to the extinction of two recognized subspecies. Extending on the geographic range to include non-studied isolated Iberian ibex populations, we sequenced a new MHC DRB1 in what seemed three small isolated populations in Southern Spain (n = 132). The findings indicate a higher genetic diversity than previously reported in this important gene. The newly discovered allele, MHC DRB1*7, is identical to one reported in the domestic goat C. aegagrus hircus. Whether or not this is the result of ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection or, alternatively, introgressions from domestic goats through hybridization needs to be clarified in future studies. However, hybridization between Iberian ibex and domestic goats has been reported in Spain and the fact that the newly discovered allele is only present in one of the small isolated populations and not in the others suggests introgression. The new discovered allele is not expected to increase fitness in C. pyrenaica since it generates the same protein as the existing MHC DRB1*6. Analysis of a microsatellite locus (OLADRB1) near the new MHC DRB1*7 gene reveals a linkage disequilibrium between these two loci. The allele OLADRB1, 187 bp in length, was unambiguously linked to the MHC DRB1*7 allele. This enabled us to perform a DRB-STR matching method for the recently discovered MHC allele. This finding is critical for the conservation of the Iberian ibex since it directly affects the identification of the units of this species that should be managed and conserved separately (Evolutionarily Significant Units).
Samer Angelone; Michael J. Jowers; Anna Rita Molinar Min; Paulino Fandos; Paloma Prieto; Mario Pasquetti; Francisco Javier Cano-Manuel; Gregorio Mentaberre; Jorge Ramón López Olvera; Arián Ráez-Bravo; José Espinosa; Jesús M. Pérez; Ramón C. Soriguer; Luca Rossi; José Enrique Granados. Hidden MHC genetic diversity in the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). BMC Genetics 2018, 19, 28 .
AMA StyleSamer Angelone, Michael J. Jowers, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Paulino Fandos, Paloma Prieto, Mario Pasquetti, Francisco Javier Cano-Manuel, Gregorio Mentaberre, Jorge Ramón López Olvera, Arián Ráez-Bravo, José Espinosa, Jesús M. Pérez, Ramón C. Soriguer, Luca Rossi, José Enrique Granados. Hidden MHC genetic diversity in the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). BMC Genetics. 2018; 19 (1):28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamer Angelone; Michael J. Jowers; Anna Rita Molinar Min; Paulino Fandos; Paloma Prieto; Mario Pasquetti; Francisco Javier Cano-Manuel; Gregorio Mentaberre; Jorge Ramón López Olvera; Arián Ráez-Bravo; José Espinosa; Jesús M. Pérez; Ramón C. Soriguer; Luca Rossi; José Enrique Granados. 2018. "Hidden MHC genetic diversity in the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica)." BMC Genetics 19, no. 1: 28.
Sarcoptic mange has recently emerged in wild boar in Switzerland, raising the question of the origin of the infection. The main aim of this study was to assess the extent of exposure of the wild boar populations to Sarcoptes scabiei in Switzerland, prior to and after the detection of mange cases, to determine whether the mite has been recently introduced into the populations concerned. We performed a serological survey using a commercially available ELISA and 1056 archived blood samples of free-ranging wild boar from Switzerland. To facilitate the interpretation of the obtained data, we additionally estimated seroprevalence in wild boar populations of four other European countries (1060 samples), both from areas with confirmed clinical cases of mange and from areas without reported cases in wild boar. Lastly, we revised the evaluation of the commercial ELISA when used with wild boar sera. Seropositive reactions were observed for samples from all five countries and from 15 of the 16 study areas. The obtained apparent seroprevalences ranged from 0.0% (0/82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0–4.4) to 17.4% (8/46; 95% CI: 7.8–31.4). Wild boar from study areas with known clinical cases and those ≤60 kg were four times more likely to be seropositive than wild boar from areas without reported cases and > 60 kg, respectively. Optical density values did not differ between the two types of study areas among seropositive samples but were significantly lower among seronegative samples from areas without than from areas with clinical cases. No difference was observed between the two sampling periods in Switzerland. The revised ELISA specificity was 96.8% (984/1017; 95% CI: 95.5–97.7) when wild boar from areas without history of mange were considered truly negative. Seropositivity to S. scabiei is more frequent and occurs over a larger geographic range than expected. Data suggest that the parasite is endemic within the wild boar populations of Switzerland and other European countries but that its presence is not necessarily associated with disease occurrence. Extrinsic factors which trigger disease emergence in infected populations remain to be investigated. The applied ELISA represents a promising tool for future studies.
Chloé Haas; Francesco C. Origgi; Sophie Rossi; Jorge R. López-Olvera; Luca Rossi; Raquel Castillo Contreras; Anna Malmsten; Anne-Marie Dalin; Riccardo Orusa; Serena Robetto; Luciano Pignata; Santiago Lavín; Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. Serological survey in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland and other European countries: Sarcoptes scabiei may be more widely distributed than previously thought. BMC Veterinary Research 2018, 14, 1 -10.
AMA StyleChloé Haas, Francesco C. Origgi, Sophie Rossi, Jorge R. López-Olvera, Luca Rossi, Raquel Castillo Contreras, Anna Malmsten, Anne-Marie Dalin, Riccardo Orusa, Serena Robetto, Luciano Pignata, Santiago Lavín, Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. Serological survey in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland and other European countries: Sarcoptes scabiei may be more widely distributed than previously thought. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChloé Haas; Francesco C. Origgi; Sophie Rossi; Jorge R. López-Olvera; Luca Rossi; Raquel Castillo Contreras; Anna Malmsten; Anne-Marie Dalin; Riccardo Orusa; Serena Robetto; Luciano Pignata; Santiago Lavín; Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. 2018. "Serological survey in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Switzerland and other European countries: Sarcoptes scabiei may be more widely distributed than previously thought." BMC Veterinary Research 14, no. 1: 1-10.
Body condition is a measure of the energetic reserves stored in tissues and organs of animals in anticipation of periods of special energetic demands or to attenuate food shortages. For more than half a century, the kidney fat index (KFI) has been the most common invasive method for assessing body condition in ungulates. Since KFI requires animal necropsy, other non-invasive indicators based on body measurements have been suggested to assess body condition of mammals. These include the residuals from an ordinary least squares regression of body mass and linear measure of size (OLSr), the scores from a Principal Components Analysis on body measurements (PCAsc), and the scaled mass index (SMI). These indices, however, are often difficult to interpret and little effort has been made to confirm whether they are related to direct measures of fat reserves. We used the Bland-Altman method and linear models applied to biometric data to explore whether these three biometric indices can be used to assess body condition in 94 adult male and female Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). Animals were hunter-harvested in the Eastern Pyrenees (Spain) during two contrasting periods of food availability. We found that OLS residuals from the regression between body weight and hind foot length were the best proxy for fat reserves in both periods of the year. This simple, low cost and non-invasive biometric indicator can be used for monitoring body condition of chamois populations and probably in other ungulate species with similar life strategies.
Wendy Flores-Saavedra; Johan Espunyes; Xavier Fernández-Aguilar; Andreu Colom-Cadena; Roser Velarde; Gregorio Mentaberre; Santiago Lavín; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Emmanuel Serrano. Fat reserve assessment in Pyrenean chamois using body measurements. Mammalian Biology 2018, 89, 79 -83.
AMA StyleWendy Flores-Saavedra, Johan Espunyes, Xavier Fernández-Aguilar, Andreu Colom-Cadena, Roser Velarde, Gregorio Mentaberre, Santiago Lavín, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Emmanuel Serrano. Fat reserve assessment in Pyrenean chamois using body measurements. Mammalian Biology. 2018; 89 ():79-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendy Flores-Saavedra; Johan Espunyes; Xavier Fernández-Aguilar; Andreu Colom-Cadena; Roser Velarde; Gregorio Mentaberre; Santiago Lavín; Jorge Ramón López-Olvera; Emmanuel Serrano. 2018. "Fat reserve assessment in Pyrenean chamois using body measurements." Mammalian Biology 89, no. : 79-83.
Wild boar populations are expanding throughout the world and intruding into periurban and urban areas. In the last years, wild boar has colonized several European cities, including our study area, the city of Barcelona. It is required to identify the main factors driving wild boar into urban areas prior to establish management measures. We built Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) using 3148 wild boar presences registered in the urban area of Barcelona from 2010 to 2014 to identify the variables correlated with these presences. The variables analysed included proxies for distance to source population, urban food resources, climate and urban habitat structure. Wild boars enter the urban area from close natural habitat using corridors such as streams, preferably in fragmented urban environment, looking for food such as urban green areas or dry pet food from cat colonies. Wild boar presence is higher in spring possibly due to the births of piglets and the dispersion of yearlings during that season, and also when natural resources in the Mediterranean habitat fail to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the wild boar population during the summer season. Management measures derived from this study are currently being applied in the city of Barcelona, including vegetation clearings in the wild boar entrance areas and an awareness campaign aimed at reducing the anthropogenic food availability for wild boars. The methodology used can be applied to other cities with wild boar or even other wildlife species issues. The comparison between the factors attracting wild boars into different urban areas would be helpful to understand the global phenomenon.
Raquel Castillo Contreras; João Carvalho; Emmanuel Serrano; Gregorio Mentaberre; Xavier Fernández Aguilar; Andreu Colom; Carlos González-Crespo; Santiago Lavín; Jorge R. López-Olvera. Urban wild boars prefer fragmented areas with food resources near natural corridors. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 615, 282 -288.
AMA StyleRaquel Castillo Contreras, João Carvalho, Emmanuel Serrano, Gregorio Mentaberre, Xavier Fernández Aguilar, Andreu Colom, Carlos González-Crespo, Santiago Lavín, Jorge R. López-Olvera. Urban wild boars prefer fragmented areas with food resources near natural corridors. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 615 ():282-288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Castillo Contreras; João Carvalho; Emmanuel Serrano; Gregorio Mentaberre; Xavier Fernández Aguilar; Andreu Colom; Carlos González-Crespo; Santiago Lavín; Jorge R. López-Olvera. 2018. "Urban wild boars prefer fragmented areas with food resources near natural corridors." Science of The Total Environment 615, no. : 282-288.