The implementation of Product-Service Systems (PSS) calls for the modification of existing business models. The goal of the paper is to work out an analysis and a classification of PSS design methods used in the development of new business models. Using a systematic review method, we identified 60 PSS design methods. Following the examination of the major business model templates, we selected the Business Canvas Model for further studies. Then, coding rules were adopted to specify what elements of the Business Model Canvas impacts individual PSS design methods and an analysis was performed. In the final stage, methods were broken down by Business Model Canvas domains. Various PSS design methods presented in the literature address different areas of Business Model Canvas. The available PPS methods can be classified into three main groups: Group 1—including infrastructure and offering; Group 2—including infrastructure, offering and customers; and Group 3—including infrastructure, offering, customers and finance. Very few methods consider areas such as Key Partners, Customer Segments, Cost Structure and Revenue Streams. Nevertheless, there is no PPS design method that would address all of Business Model Canvas building blocks. The paper discusses PSS design in business model context. Classification of PSS design methods was proposed together with new possibilities to develop business models based on this classification. The proposed approach illustrates the combination of PSS design methods applied in food processing and agricultural machines industry.

Crowdfunding (CF) is considered to be an innovative source of funding, and research into its effects on CF participants is being conducted from many different angles. In our article, we propose a qualitative analysis of CF’s impact on creating added value for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper is a conceptual study based on the theory of value co-creation, the Norton–Kaplan value model, and the concept of economic value added (EVA) to identify the areas (perspectives) of business activity where crowdfunding may stimulate the growth of company value. Based on the map of co-relations in crowdfunding that we have created, we propose a new model of crowdfunding value analysis from the entrepreneur’s point of view. Our research demonstrates that crowdfunding not only presents an alternative financing option, but also affects all perspectives relevant to value creation. As compared to the existing literature, this analysis is the most comprehensive take on the importance of crowdfunding for increasing the value of small and medium enterprises to date, thus offering a material contribution to the fuller understanding of crowdfunding from the financial standpoint, as well as pointing to the importance of crowdfunding as a financing method influencing sustainable decision-making by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The added value of the study is the proposed method of analysing the impact of CF on the value of enterprises by using the Norton–Kaplan model and EVA.

This paper presents the results of a survey of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland that have benefited from crowdfunding (CF). Based on these results, a new business model was developed. On this basis, the CF equity, reward and donation models were analyzed, and the impact of CF on the way of creating value in the company in the context of sustainable development was determined. The survey results show that the use of CF promotes the sustainable development of SMEs in Poland and significantly impacts their business model. In practical terms, this research has contributed to a better understanding of value creation by these companies. The results of our analysis are useful for consulting companies and CF platforms that help SMEs organize campaigns. In theoretical terms, the study conducted and the methodology used allow the presentation of a new definition of CF and a sustainable business model for a company using CF as well as contribute to the value management theory in SMEs.

Objective: The main purpose of the crowdfunding literature review was to find an answer to the following research questions: do scholars investigating related topics take into account the increasing importance of crowdfunding as a form of funding and resulting economic consequences for SMEs? Is the relevance of crowdfunding in reducing the funding gap taken into consideration? Do studies involve analyses of economic consequences associated with the development of crowdfunding for the banking sector? The research questions we have asked refer to the existing state of knowledge about the extent of crowdfunding-related studies underway. The validity of the subject is due to the fact that crowdfunding is a new form of raising capital in the Culturally-Changing Global Economy. Methodology: Once we analysed the literature review methodologies, we decided on a stateof- the-art analysis since this method allows to establish the facts for the research and subsequently to propose a new perspective and new directions of research. Due to the necessity to select the right texts on crowdfunding, selection criteria in terms of quantity and quality were defined (scoping review). We reviewed the literature on crowdfunding published between 2010 and 2018 using the following databases: Ebscohost, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and BazEkon. Findings: In literature on the subject, the significance of crowdfunding for businesses at early stages of their growth is emphasized. However, there are very few publications directly about SMEs. Among the articles analyzed, the relevance of crowdfunding in reducing the funding gap and financial exclusion has been emphasized. However, our search for articles about the said phenomenon produced a very small number of such articles, which – considering quite a large number of articles in total – clearly means that this topic is rarely discussed and studied. The aspects associated with the relationships between the banking sector and crowdfunding are discussed in a majority of the articles under analysis, but there is still no empirical research in this area. Value Added: The literature review carried out allowed us to identify research gaps in such important areas for crowdfunding as funding for the SME sector and relationships between crowdfunding and banking. As opposed to other similar research projects, we do not omit methodological constraints affecting the final results of studies and we suggest solutions allowing for a more in-depth analysis of articles. Recommendations: A suggested further direction of research concerns the use of the theory of enterprise funding sources in studies of the role of crowdfunding when compared to other forms of fundraising (the theory of alternative and transactional costs) by SMEs. When planning further research, the following needs to be done: 1) To carry out comprehensive research, since all the studies carried out so far were only fragmentary. It particularly applies to relationships between SMEs, the banking sector, and crowdfunding. 2) To extend research according to criteria that allow sources discarded in this research to compare findings.

Purpose – The purpose of the research was to present the transfer of value in the business model of companies using crowdfunding in Poland based on the idea of sustainability in doing business. Research method – A survey was conducted on a group of 121 enterprises using crowdfunding. It used the Norton-Kaplan value map and the value flow model in accordance with the E3 concept and the idea of sustainable development Results – The conducted analyses have shown that the most important perspective of the value of crowdfunding is the financial and procedural perspective, while taking into account the crowdfunding model in conjunction with the concept of sustainable development, the most important are the economic and social dimensions. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The added value of research is learning about the crowdfunding business model and creating value in CF for a company using the E3 model, taking into account economic, social and environmental values. Moreover, a new model was created based on the survey results, which is in line with the scientific discourse and thus bridges the research gap in this area. In addition, this model allows for the analysis of both the value offered and the value captured, not only for companies, but for each participant in accordance with the idea of sustainable development.