As a result of fossil fuel prices and the associated environmental issues, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a substitute for fossil-fueled vehicles. Their use is expected to grow significantly in a short period of time. However, the widespread use of EVs and their large-scale integration into the power system will pose numerous operational and technical challenges. To avoid these issues, it is essential to manage the charging and discharging of EVs. EVs may also be considered sources of dispersed energy storage and used to increase the network’s operation and efficiency with reasonable charge and discharge management. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and updated review of control structures of EVs in charging stations, objectives of EV management in power systems, and optimization methodologies for charge and discharge management of EVs in energy systems. The goals that can be accomplished with efficient charge and discharge management of EVs are divided into three groups in this paper (network activity, economic, and environmental goals) and analyzed in detail. Additionally, the biggest obstacles that EVs face when participating in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications are examined in this paper.

At present, the power system is developing towards a fully renewable energy resources (RERs) equipped system due to significant challenges with the conventional units. This trend has led to remarkable new challenges for power system planners considering the stochastic nature of RERs, application of new emerging technologies, etc. This paper presents a two-stage robust stochastic programming model for optimal scheduling of commercial microgrids equipped with 100% RERs to handle the existing uncertainties. In the day-ahead electricity market, microgrids maximize their expected profits by optimizing their bidding strategy, while minimizing the imbalance cost is targeted for microgrids through adjusting the distributed energy resources in the real-time balancing market. Transactive energy technology is effectively applied to manage the energy trading. Simulation results on the IEEE 33-bus standard system integrated with microgrids verify that the proposed model provides satisfactory profits for microgrids participated in the energy exchanging process.

Recently, the decarbonization of the electric power system has led to substantial efforts for designing a pathway toward 100% renewable energy resources (RERs). This paper proposes a novel operational model for the effective participation of the interconnected microgrids with 100% RERs in the transactive energy market. The novelty of the proposed model is mostly related to the use of transactive energy technology for developing the free energy trading environment for the microgrids with 100% RERs as the local energy trading market to establish a dynamic energy balance in the system. To capture the intermittencies in the system, a hybrid IGDT/stochastic method is proposed in the deregulated environment. The proposed model is validated by selecting the modified IEEE 14-bus test system. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed model in providing the same percentage of cost-saving for microgrids when they simultaneously participate in the transaction energy market.