Objectives: To assess whether or not communication with parents and with peers is related to experiencing psychological complaints in an attempt to explore the hypotheses of continuity and compensation or moderation between contexts. Methods: Questions on communication with their parents and peers, as well as on the frequency with which they experience psychological complaints were answered by 200,857 adolescents from 36 countries. Results: A cluster analysis detected four groups of adolescents. Those with better communication in both social contexts were the ones showing less psychological complaints. Moreover, we have found (using a regression analysis) that good communication with peers does not improve their experience of psychological complaints if the communication with parents is not good. Conclusions: We conclude that our findings are consistent with the continuity hypothesis and against the compensating or moderating one.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the evolution of peer relationships and academic performance and the effect of the former on the latter in primary education, differentiating between positive and negative relationships. To this end, the likes and dislikes received by each student from his/her classmates were measured at four time points between first and sixth grades, as well as the marks given by their teachers in the subjects of mathematics and Spanish language. One-hundred-sixty-nine students (52.7% girls) from 10 classes of five public schools participated in this study. To verify the objectives, we used a complex structural equation model, obtained from a combination of two autoregressive models (AR, one for social preferences and another one for academic performance), two multi-trait multi-method models (MTMM, one for acceptances and rejections and another one for academic performance in mathematics and Spanish language), and an effects model of social preferences on academic performance. This study confirms: (a) The stability of both peer relationships and academic performance throughout childhood; (b) the stable influence of social relationships on academic performance; and (c) the importance of considering acceptance and rejection differentially. This work reveals the failure of the school to address initial disadvantages, and it provides guidelines for early and inclusive interventions.

In order to differentiate between types of routine leisure activities and to evaluate their corresponding protection/risk value in adolescent development, we performed a study with a sample of 218 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 14 years by asking them to fill out a grid that analysed their daily routines. The results are presented here. They were required to account for each hour of a weekday by specifying whether they were awake or asleep, the place they were at, who they were with, and what type of activity they were engaged in. A group of these adolescents (N = 59) were considered to be at risk (they formed part of a social integration and marginalization prevention program), whereas the rest (comparison group) were their classmates. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed, revealing the existence of four adolescent typologies according to daily routines. The analysis showed that the routines incorporating a greater variety of leisure activities, as well as more creative, organized, and supervised activities, were associated with adolescents who possessed a more normative development, whereas more monotonous, unstructured and unsupervised activities tended to be characteristic of adolescent development at risk.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify which adverse peer experiences better predict perceived negative peer relationships among elementary school first graders according to sex. The peer experiences examined were peer rejection, peer victimization, and mutual antipathy; the interpersonal perceptions studied were perceived peer victimization, dyadic meta-perception of peer disliking, and loneliness. Methods: The participants were 809 children (M_age = 6.4 years, SD = 0.32; n_girls = 412, 50.9%) enrolled in 35 first-grade classes from 15 schools in 4 Spanish regions: Valencia, n = 276, 34.1%; Balearic Islands, n = 140, 17.3%; Andalusia, n = 199, 24.6%; Castile-Leon, n = 194, 24%. We calculated sex differences in peer experiences and interpersonal perceptions by means of one-way ANOVA for means differences and Fisher’s r-to-z transformation for correlations differences. We used a multilevel regression analysis (nesting variables: class and region) to determine whether the associations between each peer experiences and each perception were unique. Results: Each adverse peer relationship predicted each interpersonal perception differentially. Peer victimization was a good predictor of the three interpersonal perceptions, and the only predictor of perceived peer victimization. Peer rejection predicted loneliness, whereas mutual antipathies predicted dyadic meta-perception of peer disliking, although more so among girls. A significant effect at region level was found but not at class level. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that research should take into account the different levels of the social peer system when analyzing peer experiences within the classroom context. The study contributes to sensitize teachers about the greater responsiveness of 6-year-old girls to adverse peer experiences, and it could be useful for designing interventions that would help children oppose rejection and empower active bystanders to fight against peer mistreatment.

Se presenta una reflexión acerca de cómo transcurren los años de la adolescencia en el contexto de la familia, analizando las transformaciones que se producen en las relaciones con los progenitores. El trabajo empírico se centra en una de las dimensiones que definen la calidad de las relaciones en el contexto familiar -la facilidad en la comunicación entre el adolescente y sus padres- y en su relación con algunas conductas de los adolescentes relacionadas con la salud, como es el caso del consumo de sustancias adictivas. Los datos proceden del estudio Health Behavior in School Aged Children (HBSC) realizado en el año 2002 en España. El HBSC es un estudio auspiciado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud que se lleva a cabo cada cuatro años en diferentes países occidentales y que pretende analizar un número considerable de aspectos de los estilos de vida que están relacionados con la salud de los adolescentes. En este artículo se analizaron las respuestas a un cuestionario de 6.821 adolescentes entre 15 y 18 años (3.253 chicas y 2.954 chicos) y se diferenciaron cuatro tipos de adolescentes en función de su facilidad o dificultad para comunicarse con su padre y con su madre: comunicación fácil con los dos, fácil con la madre pero difícil con el padre, fácil con el padre pero difícil con la madre y difícil con los dos. Cada una de estas clases muestra una relación significativamente diferente con el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis tanto en las chicas como en los chicos. Los resultados se discuten desde la perspectiva de la continuidad evolutiva, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de sentar las bases de la buena comunicación durante la infancia.The purpose of the paper is to reflect on the passage of adolescence within the family context, analysing the changes that take place in the parents-child relationship. Our empirical work focuses on a dimensions defining quality of relations within the family context: the existence or not of a smooth communication between adolescents and their parents, and its relation with some adolescents’ health-related behaviours, such as addictive substance consumption. The data comes from the Health Behavior in School Aged Children (HBSC) research study carried out in Spain in 2002. HBSC is a study supported by the World Health Organization and carried out every four years in different Western countries. Its aim is to examine a considerable number of aspects about life-styles related to adolescents’ health. The paper analyses the answers given to a questionnaire by 6,821 adolescents, age 15-18 years (3.253 girls and 2.954 boys). We established four types of adolescents depending on how easy or difficult it is for them to communicate with their father and mother: 1) good communication with both parents; 2) good communication with their mother and difficult communication with their father; 3) good communication with their father and difficult with their mother; and 4) difficult communication with both parents. Each of these groups was found to have significantly different relations with tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis consumption, both for girls and boys. The results are discussed from a developmental continuity perspective, underlining the importance of laying the foundations for good communication earlier during childhoo