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P. K. Viswanathan
Department of Management, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India

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Research article
Published: 29 March 2021 in South Asian Survey
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The development of the rubber sector in North East (NE) India in recent decades is an outcome of the government’s import substitution initiatives in the post-independence period. The article attempts to trace the process of evolution and development of the rubber sector in the region and observes that the adopted policies for rubber expansion had been framed under the narrow innovation system model, whereby the localised knowledge and learning, as well as practices, remained completely ignored in the promotion of the sector. The lack of region-specific rubber development strategies with appropriate linkages supported by institutional systems are the critical gaps that undermine the sustainable growth of the rubber sector in the NE region. Eventualities of the sort call for reinventing policies and programmes under the broad innovation system framework, so as to reap the advantages emanating from the integration of the region with the global market and facilitate greater diversification and sustainable growth of the rubber sector.

ACS Style

Indraneel Bhowmik; P. K. Viswanathan. Development of the Rubber Sector in North East India: A Case of Missing Innovation and Linkages. South Asian Survey 2021, 28, 294 -317.

AMA Style

Indraneel Bhowmik, P. K. Viswanathan. Development of the Rubber Sector in North East India: A Case of Missing Innovation and Linkages. South Asian Survey. 2021; 28 (2):294-317.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Indraneel Bhowmik; P. K. Viswanathan. 2021. "Development of the Rubber Sector in North East India: A Case of Missing Innovation and Linkages." South Asian Survey 28, no. 2: 294-317.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2021 in Administrative Sciences
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Entrepreneurship has been increasingly promoted as a means to achieve women’s empowerment in the pursuit of gender equal societies by international development organizations, NGO’s as well as national and local governments across the world. Against this, the paper explores the role and influence of multi-actor engagement on successful empowerment of women based on a case study of Kudumbashree program in a regional context of Kerala, in South India. Our objective is to examine the women empowerment outcomes of the Kudumbashree initiatives, implemented within a multi-actor engagement framework supportive of women’s empowerment through capacity building and social inclusion programs. The case study demonstrates ‘how multiple-level engagements help enhance women’s development and support broad sustainable social change, in view of their sensitivity to the embeddedness of women’s agency under specific socio-political and cultural contexts’. We find that Kudumbashree programs, through its multi-actor engagement, strives for an equilibrium between social change through policy and regulatory change (top down) and social change via mobilizing the people (bottom-up). From a policy angle, the key learnings from the successful outcomes of Kudumbashree may be considered for designing rural and urban community development programs with a focus on the multidimensional empowerment as well as social and economic inclusion of women and other marginalized communities.

ACS Style

Murale Venugopalan; Bettina Bastian; P. Viswanathan. The Role of Multi-Actor Engagement for Women’s Empowerment and Entrepreneurship in Kerala, India. Administrative Sciences 2021, 11, 31 .

AMA Style

Murale Venugopalan, Bettina Bastian, P. Viswanathan. The Role of Multi-Actor Engagement for Women’s Empowerment and Entrepreneurship in Kerala, India. Administrative Sciences. 2021; 11 (1):31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Murale Venugopalan; Bettina Bastian; P. Viswanathan. 2021. "The Role of Multi-Actor Engagement for Women’s Empowerment and Entrepreneurship in Kerala, India." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 1: 31.

Research paper
Published: 27 February 2021 in Journal of Social and Economic Development
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The case of Gujarat is often highlighted in the literature for the glaring mismatch between growth and human development (HD) outcomes. This paper makes a critical assessment of the growth and development scenario and their linkages with human development outcomes with particular focus on the important HD factors across the districts. The objectives of the paper are to: (i) analyse the broad trends in the major economic sectors, viz. agriculture, industries and employment and delineate the differences in the growth scenario across districts and (ii) examine the ‘inclusive growth outcomes’ across districts in the state based on the district-level HD indices and delineate the differences in the major HD factors. The broad trends in the growth of the major economic sectors reveal some disquieting aspects of growth of the state, characterised by stark differences in literacy and educational attainments across gender and districts, the decline in farming population coincided with marginalisation of farm holdings amidst growth of commercial agriculture, declining rural work participation, especially women work participation, and concentration of industrial growth confining to few districts. The analysis of district-level HDIs brings out disparate trends of the status of HDI, reflecting stark differences in the status of development of the critical components, viz. standard of living, availability of health infrastructure and educational attainments. Based on the analysis, we argue that Gujarat needs to strengthen and reorient its development priorities by accelerating public spending more on critical areas of public health infrastructure, provision of better healthcare services, nutritional security, education and skill development, women empowerment, etc., which are critical aspects of human development and inclusive growth.

ACS Style

P. K. Viswanathan; Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. Growth and human development in the regional economy of Gujarat, India: an analysis of missed linkages. Journal of Social and Economic Development 2021, 23, 25 -47.

AMA Style

P. K. Viswanathan, Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. Growth and human development in the regional economy of Gujarat, India: an analysis of missed linkages. Journal of Social and Economic Development. 2021; 23 (S1):25-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. K. Viswanathan; Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. 2021. "Growth and human development in the regional economy of Gujarat, India: an analysis of missed linkages." Journal of Social and Economic Development 23, no. S1: 25-47.

Review
Published: 27 January 2021 in Food Security
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Over the years, several studies have noted adaptation measures undertaken by farmers in India to mitigate potential crop loss, however, there is limited studies with reference to systematically review these papers. The mapping of these measures is imperative as it furnishes evidence for opted adaptation options and states. Further, it assists to design state-specific policies to achieve goals of sustainable and climate-smart agriculture, and maintain food security. This study aims to do it by limiting India as the boundary of analysis. Adopting a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method, a total of 44 studies were identified. Our major findings are: (i) evidence is found for eighteen states, and these studies, either individually or in sum, represent negligible percentage of state’s total number of villages and households, and hence, findings may not stand for the whole state; (ii) a major focus so far has been given to farm management and technology; (iii) state-wise mapping indicates scanty of papers among options, and thus, we urge for studies with representative sample, either for state or nation, and also map several adaptation mechanisms rather than concentrating around farm-management and technology; and (iv) the widely studied options are water management (55%), crop-diversification (52%), crop choice (50%), diversification of livelihood and income (43%), altering agricultural practices/systems (36%), and changing crop-calendar and land holiday (34%). Such type of assessment supplies state-specific maps on studied adaptation mechanisms, and in doing so, it renders future direction in the field of adaptation research, and hence, we advocate to carry out systematic reviews for other vulnerable sectors to climate change in India and elsewhere.

ACS Style

Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati; Vijay Kumar; P. K. Viswanathan. An evidence-based systematic review on farmers’ adaptation strategies in India. Food Security 2021, 13, 399 -418.

AMA Style

Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati, Vijay Kumar, P. K. Viswanathan. An evidence-based systematic review on farmers’ adaptation strategies in India. Food Security. 2021; 13 (2):399-418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati; Vijay Kumar; P. K. Viswanathan. 2021. "An evidence-based systematic review on farmers’ adaptation strategies in India." Food Security 13, no. 2: 399-418.

Review
Published: 04 December 2020 in Review of Development and Change
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Globally, climate change impacts are manifold, severely affecting the agriculture sector. Climate-resilient agriculture (CRA) is viewed as a panacea for overcoming the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. This article critically reviews the literature on CRA to delineate the emerging patterns of climate-resilient agriculture. It explores multiple dimensions of CRA as related to practices, technologies, policies, innovations and interventions across different parts of the world. In the end, a schematic approach towards undertaking empirical research on CRA in the Indian context is presented. The review finds that, globally, CRA practices mainly include systematic strategies for management of critical inputs, namely, land and water, cropping systems and livelihood management. It emerges that innovations and institutions have a crucial role in accelerating the rate of adoption of CRA practices. The article highlights the need for undertaking more empirical research to get a deeper understanding of the emerging patterns of CRA in the Indian context.

ACS Style

P. K. Viswanathan; K. Kavya; Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. Global Patterns of Climate-resilient Agriculture: A Review of Studies and Imperatives for Empirical Research in India. Review of Development and Change 2020, 25, 169 -192.

AMA Style

P. K. Viswanathan, K. Kavya, Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. Global Patterns of Climate-resilient Agriculture: A Review of Studies and Imperatives for Empirical Research in India. Review of Development and Change. 2020; 25 (2):169-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. K. Viswanathan; K. Kavya; Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati. 2020. "Global Patterns of Climate-resilient Agriculture: A Review of Studies and Imperatives for Empirical Research in India." Review of Development and Change 25, no. 2: 169-192.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2019 in Land Use Policy
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The Gujarat state government had banned further extraction of groundwater and new electricity connection for agricultural purposes in 57 sub-districts, where over-exploitation of groundwater was observed, in 2001, and these regions were demarcated as dark zone in 2003. The micro-irrigation adopted farmers in these regions are entitled to get additional 10 per cent subsidy since 2012, and concurrently, the ban on new electricity connection was also withdrawn. In particular, adoption of micro-irrigation is mandatory for availing new power connection. Both of them could lead to a large-scale diffusion, and as a result, reducing pressure on groundwater extraction. Although various agricultural interventions are being incentivized in India, there is limited studies with respect to assessing its’ impact on farmers’ adoption behaviour. This paper, therefore, aims to evaluate effect of the above said incentives (subsidy and power connection) on diffusion of micro-irrigation in the dark zone regions. Information on the diffusion of micro-irrigation, i.e., drip and sprinkler irrigation, between 2006-07 and 2014 were collected for 8073 villages and towns, combining both dark zone (treated sample) and its adjacent non dark zone talukas (control group). The empirical analysis was performed for three different samples: (i) full sample, (ii) villages along the administrative boundary line drawn between the dark zone and adjacent talukas, i.e., border villages, and (iii) pair-wise border villages; expected to get robust estimation in the latter two cases as there could be no significant difference with respect to hydrological scenario and cropping patterns. Employing ordinary Least Square fixed effects model, results reveal that these policies are positively influencing diffusion of micro-irrigation. A pecuniary benefits and power connection together, for example, enhance the likelihood of incremental adoption rate by 1.6 per cent to 1.8 per cent and area installed with micro-irrigation technologies between 0.7 per cent and 1.3 per cent. This study, henceforth, supports the continuation of present incentive policies to further heightening diffusion of such technologies, and this approach could be replicated in the case other resource efficient technologies as minimizing water and energy footprints are always a policy priority.

ACS Style

Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati; P.K. Viswanathan. Incentivizing resource efficient technologies in India: Evidence from diffusion of micro-irrigation in the dark zone regions of Gujarat. Land Use Policy 2019, 86, 253 -260.

AMA Style

Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati, P.K. Viswanathan. Incentivizing resource efficient technologies in India: Evidence from diffusion of micro-irrigation in the dark zone regions of Gujarat. Land Use Policy. 2019; 86 ():253-260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati; P.K. Viswanathan. 2019. "Incentivizing resource efficient technologies in India: Evidence from diffusion of micro-irrigation in the dark zone regions of Gujarat." Land Use Policy 86, no. : 253-260.