The Mediterranean region is a climate change hotspot, especially concerning issues of hydrological planning and urban water supply systems. In this context, the Jucar River Basin (Spain) presents an increase of frequency, intensity and duration of extreme meteorological phenomena, such as torrential rains, droughts or heat waves, which directly affect the quantity and quality of raw water available for drinking. This paper aims to analyze the effects of climate change on the raw water quality of the Jucar River Basin District, which mainly supplies the city of Valencia and its metropolitan area, in order to adapt drinking water treatments to new conditions and opportunities. For this purpose, we used observed data of water quality parameters from four stations and climate drivers from seven Earth system models of the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project—Phase 6. To model water quality (turbidity and conductivity) in the past and future scenarios, this study employs a backward stepwise regression taking into account daily values of mean temperature, maximum temperature, total rainfall and minimum and maximum relative humidity. Results showed that the model performance of the water quality simulation is more adequate for short moving-average windows (about 2–7 days) for turbidity and longer windows (about 30–60 days) for conductivity. Concerning the future scenarios, the most significant change was found in the projected increase of conductivity for the station of the Júcar river, between 4 and 11% by 2100, respectively, under the medium (SSP2–4.5) and pessimistic (SSP5–8.5) emission scenarios. The joint use of these types of management and monitoring tools may help the managers in charge of carrying out the different water treatments needed to apply a better plan to raw water and may help them identify future threats and investment needs to adapt the urban water supply systems to the changing conditions of raw water, such as turbidity or conductivity, as a consequence of climate change.

Conserving the genetic resources of major forest species is essential for mitigating climate risks associated with global change. Species distribution models and their projections under future emission scenarios are key tools for assessing climate-related threats to populations targeted for conservation efforts. In this study, we analyzed the populations included in the Spanish Network of Forest Genetic Conservation Units, comprising 297 units across twenty main forest tree species in Spain. We used species distribution models with high-resolution environmental data to assess habitat suitability across different climate scenarios and time periods. We introduced a Climatic Vulnerability Index to identify Genetic Conservation Units at risk of maladaptation by evaluating shifts in current conditions. Our results reveal spatial and interspecific heterogeneity in the future climatic vulnerability of the conservation network, as well as a relationship between expert-defined marginality and current climatic unsuitability under the Spanish Group model. Overall, our findings provide a basis for prioritizing conservation actions, guiding adaptive forest management, and supporting the long-term monitoring and viability of forest genetic resources under accelerating climate change.

Climate change is altering global temperature and precipitation patterns, with particularly strong effects expected in Mediterranean regions, where reduced groundwater recharge and increased evapotranspiration may affect groundwater-dependent ecosystems. This study provides a preliminary, indicator-based assessment of the potential sensitivity of the Cabecera del Bornova Groundwater Body (Guadalajara, Spain), which sustains the Somolinos karst wetland, under natural conditions and protected as a Natural Groundwater Reserve and Natural Lacustrine Reserve. Empirical correlations were established between accumulated deviations of historical precipitation and observed piezometric levels in two monitoring piezometers using second-degree polynomial functions. The most informative relationships were obtained for piezometer ZE01, particularly at the daily scale, whereas the second piezometer showed weaker relationships. These functions were applied to regionalized climate projections generated with the FICLIMA methodology from ten CMIP6 models under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. The results indicate a general decreasing tendency in empirical piezometric-level indicators throughout the 21st century, although the magnitude of the response is highly sensitive to the selected rainfall station, temporal resolution, climate model and scenario. Extreme projected declines are interpreted as extrapolation-sensitive outputs rather than deterministic predictions of aquifer drawdown or groundwater-reserve depletion. Direct impacts on lagoon level, spring discharge or wetland extent cannot be quantified with the dataset. The results highlight the need to expand piezometric monitoring, instrument the Manadero del Bornova spring, monitor lagoon water levels and develop physically based recharge and groundwater-flow models.