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The digitalization of the forest sector, the increased demand of energy-wood, as well as faster market changes have increased the number of challenges for wood procurement of the forest industry. The aim of the study is to optimize wood procurement (upstream of supply chain) of energy and material production in integrated situations, and to consider the effects of production changes on the management of procurement regions. Three scenarios described integrated production situations in a carbon-neutral forest industry: (1) declining export, (2) energy reform, and (3) extensive energy reform. Time-varying capital-, cost-, and energy efficiency of the dynamic wood-flow model affected the competitiveness of the procurement regions. As a novel contribution, energy efficiency was modeled using the price of emission allowance as a cost parameter. The results show the positive effects of the energy reforms, which partly compensate for the declining exports. In addition, it is possible to change wood procurement in the regions in a market-oriented way. Decision makers should optimize purchases, inventories, and procurement resources as business processes, which are also considered success factors for the forest industry in integrated production situations. The strategic solution of extensive energy reform provides a potential approach for carbon-neutral customer-oriented supply chains, but it needs tactical energy efficiency analysis in future studies of sustainability, if the ultimate goal is to implement a carbon-free forest industry and bioeconomy.
Teijo Palander; Jari Takkinen. The Optimum Wood Procurement Scenario and Its Dynamic Management for Integrated Energy and Material Production in Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry. Energies 2021, 14, 4404 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Jari Takkinen. The Optimum Wood Procurement Scenario and Its Dynamic Management for Integrated Energy and Material Production in Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry. Energies. 2021; 14 (15):4404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Jari Takkinen. 2021. "The Optimum Wood Procurement Scenario and Its Dynamic Management for Integrated Energy and Material Production in Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry." Energies 14, no. 15: 4404.
Forest industry corporations use quality management systems in their wood procurement operations. Spatial quality data are used to improve the quality of wood harvesting and to achieve environmental sustainability. Some studies have proposed new management systems based on LiDAR. The main aim of this study was to investigate how efficiently planning systems can select areas for wood harvesting a priori with respect to avoiding harvesting damage caused by forest machinery. A literature review revealed the possibility of using GISs, and case studies showed the criteria required to predict the required quality levels. Terrestrial LiDAR can be utilized in authorities’ quality control systems, but it is inefficient for preplanning without terrestrial gamma-ray data collection. Airborne LiDAR and gamma-ray information about forest soils can only be used for planning larger regions at the forest level because the information includes too much uncertainty to allow it to be used for planning in small-sized areas before wood harvesting operations involving wood procurement. In addition, airborne LiDAR is not accurate enough, even at the forest level, for the planning of wood procurement systems because wood harvesting remains challenging without field measurements. Therefore, there is a need for the use of manual ground-penetrating radar for determining the peat layer thickness and the depth to the groundwater table.
Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. Utilization of Image, LiDAR and Gamma-Ray Information to Improve Environmental Sustainability of Cut-to-Length Wood Harvesting Operations in Peatlands: A Management Systems Perspective. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2021, 10, 273 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä. Utilization of Image, LiDAR and Gamma-Ray Information to Improve Environmental Sustainability of Cut-to-Length Wood Harvesting Operations in Peatlands: A Management Systems Perspective. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10 (5):273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. 2021. "Utilization of Image, LiDAR and Gamma-Ray Information to Improve Environmental Sustainability of Cut-to-Length Wood Harvesting Operations in Peatlands: A Management Systems Perspective." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5: 273.
Transportation of renewable wood is increasing, being a necessary operation in logistics of the environmentally sustainable forest industry. However, increasing the transportation capacity is a source of greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to trucks’ emissions, maintaining road infrastructure affects the environment by the emissions of increasing utilization of HCT (high-capacity transportation), that is, larger and heavier vehicles, affecting the backhauling transportation and the efficiency of road-network combinations. Environmental efficiency is an important metric which is used for comparisons among technological alternatives employed in the utilization of energy derived from both fossil and renewable resources. Based on the enterprise resource planning (ERP) data (2018–2020), CO2 emissions of increasing HCT were calculated for a forest industry corporation. The reduction in average fuel consumption (ml t × km−1), between 52% and 70% in backhauling transportation, was 18.88%. In this respect, CO2 emissions were reduced by 4.52 g t × km−1, achieving 19.48 g t × km−1, based on the data from the 76 t vehicle combinations. Furthermore, the metric of total environmental efficiency shows the potential of the alternative road-network combinations for the HCT. The environmental efficiency of the 92 t HCT increased by 11% via an intensive road-network combination, compared to the most efficient 76 t HCT alternative and the efficiency increased by 21%, compared to the most efficient line-hauling alternative. Thus, the results are in favor of the backhauling transportation by the means of 92 t vehicles for HCT development. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis demonstrates that technological improvement of the forest roads is essential for HCT in an increasing harvesting of renewable wood energy. Also, to achieve the maximum environmental efficiency of the HCT during upgrading of the forest roads, efficiency measurements of the HCT should be implemented in the transportation planning systems.
Teijo Palander; Stelian Alexandru Borz; Kalle Kärhä. Impacts of Road Infrastructure on the Environmental Efficiency of High Capacity Transportation in Harvesting of Renewable Wood Energy. Energies 2021, 14, 453 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Stelian Alexandru Borz, Kalle Kärhä. Impacts of Road Infrastructure on the Environmental Efficiency of High Capacity Transportation in Harvesting of Renewable Wood Energy. Energies. 2021; 14 (2):453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Stelian Alexandru Borz; Kalle Kärhä. 2021. "Impacts of Road Infrastructure on the Environmental Efficiency of High Capacity Transportation in Harvesting of Renewable Wood Energy." Energies 14, no. 2: 453.
Wood transportation is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, which should be considered when the carbon neutrality of the forest industry is of concern. The EU is dedicated to improving technology for a carbon-neutral development. This study investigates carbon neutrality by improving road freight transportation fleets consisting of various vehicle size combinations. The environmental emission and energy efficiency of a transportation fleet were analyzed in selected wood procurement regions of Stora Enso corporation (Finland). Based on the enterprise resource planning (ERP) data (2018–2020), the environmental emission efficiency increased by 11% via 76 t-vehicles compared 64 t vehicles. The maximum reduction in fuel consumption was 26% for 92 t vehicles, though this was achieved when operations were fully adjusted to the maximum weight limit. The wood-based energy efficiency measure (wood energy/transport energy) was a useful development indicator. It showed that the adapted fleets of transportation companies support a positive development for a carbon-neutral forestry. In respect to the current legal fleet (64, 68 and 76 t), the use of 76 t vehicles increased energy efficiency most effectively, by 50%, compared to 64 t vehicles in the best region. Currently, transportation service providers and their clients are using ERP information to tailor their energy efficiency metric and to implement them locally in the transportation monitoring systems. A three-year sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the technological development of management tools to improve transportation efficiency is essential for larger and heavier vehicle utilization. In the future, the whole wood supply chain from forest to factory will also be optimized with respect to energy efficiency criterion to ensure a low-carbon forest industry.
Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä; Stelian Alexandru Borz. Improving Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Wood Transportation for a Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry. Forests 2020, 11, 1194 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Hanna Haavikko, Emma Kortelainen, Kalle Kärhä, Stelian Alexandru Borz. Improving Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Wood Transportation for a Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry. Forests. 2020; 11 (11):1194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä; Stelian Alexandru Borz. 2020. "Improving Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Wood Transportation for a Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry." Forests 11, no. 11: 1194.
The Finnish forest industry is committed to applying novel technologies for increasing carbon-neutral development and environmental sustainability in “green” circular industry. This study compares the energy efficiency indicators of road freight transportation. Additionally, effects of four mass limits of vehicle combinations are analyzed after a three-year adaptation process that took place in a wood procurement region of 100% renewable resources. The wood-based energy efficiency model (load’s wood energy/fossil transport energy) was the most accurate and precise measure as the development indicator. The indicator showed that the transportation systems (60, 64, 68, and 76 t) and (64, 68, and 76 t) were carbon negative (122, 133, 144, and 108) (142, 147, and 133) in 2014 and 2016, respectively. The numbers reveal positive energy ratio of renewable wood and fossil fuels. In comparison to 60 t, the use of 68 t vehicles increased energy efficiency most effectively in the systems, by 18.0% and 20.5%, respectively. The indicator robustly revealed the energy efficiency of a partial system in the smaller supply region, which depended on the region’s transportation conditions. This novel knowledge can be applied for advancing the adaptation toward carbon-neutral supply networks. There is also the development potential of an industrial ecosystem model for optimizing the environmental sustainability of “green” circular industry.
Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä. Comparison of Energy Efficiency Indicators of Road Transportation for Modeling Environmental Sustainability in “Green” Circular Industry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2740 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Hanna Haavikko, Emma Kortelainen, Kalle Kärhä. Comparison of Energy Efficiency Indicators of Road Transportation for Modeling Environmental Sustainability in “Green” Circular Industry. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2740.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä. 2020. "Comparison of Energy Efficiency Indicators of Road Transportation for Modeling Environmental Sustainability in “Green” Circular Industry." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2740.
Research Highlights: This study offers new information on the cross cutting of decayed stems with the sounding of short (0.5 m) offcuts and the bucking of longer (3.0 m) butt-rotten poles. Background and Objectives: The root and butt-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (Fr.) Bref. causes wood quality damage to trees in softwood forests. When timber is harvested in butt-rotten forests, it is essential that the decayed part of the tree is recognized and cut away from a stem, while the healthy and good quality log section of a stem is cross cut with precision sawlogs. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of two off-cutting methods on stem processing time, cutting productivity, sawlog volume, and commercial value at the roadside landing when harvesting timber from the butt-rotten Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) final-felling forests. Materials and Methods: The length of the short offcuts used was 0.5 m. The results of the cross-cutting practices were compared to the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m from the butt of the rotten stems. Time and motion studies were carried out in stands before the profitability calculations. The study data consisted of 1980 Norway spruce sawlog stems. Results: Sounding of the short offcuts added significantly to the stem processing time of butt-rotten stems, but the sawlog volume and the timber value recovery of the stems were higher than those of the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m. Conclusions: The study concluded that sounding of butt-rotten Norway spruce stems with one to three offcuts is economically profitable if the diameter of the decayed column at the stem stump’s height is small (≤5 cm). In contrast, when the width of the decay is larger (>5 cm), it is more profitable to first cross cut the decayed pulpwood pole of 3 m and then to observe the height of the decayed part of the stem.
Kalle Kärhä; Mikko Räsänen; Teijo Palander. The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands. Forests 2019, 10, 874 .
AMA StyleKalle Kärhä, Mikko Räsänen, Teijo Palander. The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands. Forests. 2019; 10 (10):874.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalle Kärhä; Mikko Räsänen; Teijo Palander. 2019. "The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands." Forests 10, no. 10: 874.
Previous studies have suggested that the use of high-capacity transportation (HCT) can lead to low-carbon road-transportation in the forest industry. This study shows the impacts (in terms of energy efficiency) of a three-year adaptation process of transportation (2014–2016) towards HCT that took place in a synchronized transportation system (STS). The use of three transportation fleet-management control (TFMC) methods was analyzed in various road infrastructures. Energy-efficiency calculations were undertaken based on the HCT vehicles’ mass limits (64, 68 and 76 t). The use of 76 t vehicles increased energy efficiency by 13.4% and reduced CO2 emissions by 3.5% (to 49.6 g/tkm). In addition, the results show that the energy efficiency of the STS could be improved by a further 3.1%. In this respect, the proposed TFMC was used to adjust the STS towards vehicle-group transportation while meeting the road-class constraints of local wood supply chains. Forest-industry companies in Finland and abroad can use the tailored TFMC to optimize the STS in the near future and to achieve the energy-efficient STS and the regulations of the European Commission in wood-procurement logistics.
Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. Improving Energy Efficiency in a Synchronized Road-Transportation System by Using a TFMC (Transportation Fleet-Management Control) in Finland. Energies 2019, 12, 670 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä. Improving Energy Efficiency in a Synchronized Road-Transportation System by Using a TFMC (Transportation Fleet-Management Control) in Finland. Energies. 2019; 12 (4):670.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. 2019. "Improving Energy Efficiency in a Synchronized Road-Transportation System by Using a TFMC (Transportation Fleet-Management Control) in Finland." Energies 12, no. 4: 670.
Monitoring systems were applied to a single-grip harvester logging cut-to-length roundwood in Finland. Using single-grip harvesters may results in stem damages to the remaining trees during thinning, thereby reducing the growth and wood quality of the trees. These concerns justify the need for a decision support system to monitor stem damage in sustainable wood supply. One method to carry out harvesting-quality monitoring involves the application of image processing. The development of a monitoring system relies on the simulation of stem damage to 54 trees, 23 of which were Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 31 of which were Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst). The algorithm was validated using data from 15 stands (463 trees) in the field. The damage to the stem was systematically photographed from a strip road and was intended to simulate the operation of machine vision. To determine the relationship between successful detection and stand-harvesting condition, an analysis of the detection of stem damage was conducted using the image processing technique. Meaningful relationships, which are suitable for use in linear classifiers for image processing, were discovered using logistic regression analysis. To improve the stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester, it was concluded that given the requirement for accurate thresholds of the stem-damage texture, development should focus on multi-view photogrammetry of the damage using machine learning. The monitoring system could be applicable outside Finland for the quality management of sustainable wood procurement.
Teijo S. Palander; Jyry P. Eronen; Niklas P. Peltoniemi; Aleksi I. Aarnio; Kalle Kärhä; Heikki K. Ovaskainen. Improving a stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester using a logistic regression model in image processing. Biosystems Engineering 2019, 180, 36 -49.
AMA StyleTeijo S. Palander, Jyry P. Eronen, Niklas P. Peltoniemi, Aleksi I. Aarnio, Kalle Kärhä, Heikki K. Ovaskainen. Improving a stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester using a logistic regression model in image processing. Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 180 ():36-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo S. Palander; Jyry P. Eronen; Niklas P. Peltoniemi; Aleksi I. Aarnio; Kalle Kärhä; Heikki K. Ovaskainen. 2019. "Improving a stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester using a logistic regression model in image processing." Biosystems Engineering 180, no. : 36-49.
A third of the final energy demand and almost a fifth of total emissions in the European Union is caused by road transportation. Advanced biofuels and larger and heavier vehicles have been seen in the literature as one potential logistics solution with which to improve the energy efficiency of the forest industry. The Finnish government aims to create a 100% carbon-neutral energy base by the year 2045, emphasizing the country's renewable forests as a source for energy and biofuel cycles. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the local biofuel cycling through larger and heavier vehicles may affect the sustainability of wood procurement in the industrial ecosystem by focusing on transport efficiency, cost-efficiency and energy efficiency. The paper presents a quantitative energy-performance analysis from the optimization of results of the multi-objective dynamic biofuel cycle model. Goal programming enables the energy management solution for three biofuel scenarios of larger and heavier vehicles in the 100% carbon-neutral wood procurement of decentralized energy production. Since the basic scenario in 2013, there has been an upward trend in the average payload weight and a transition in 7- to 9-axle vehicle combinations. While the increase in energy efficiency is significant, it is less than half of the government's maximum scenario estimated prior to the regulations. The novelty of this study is in providing the impacts of the local biofuel cycles (5%, 15% and 30%) on the energy efficiency of road freight transportation to create a 100% carbon-neutral energy base for Finland. Furthermore, the results also provide decision support to the ongoing policy debate towards the 100% sustainable wood supply and/or wood procurement of the industrial ecosystems in Europe.
Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Kalle Kärhä. Towards sustainable wood procurement in forest industry – The energy efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles in Finland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 96, 100 -118.
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Hanna Haavikko, Kalle Kärhä. Towards sustainable wood procurement in forest industry – The energy efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles in Finland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 96 ():100-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Kalle Kärhä. 2018. "Towards sustainable wood procurement in forest industry – The energy efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles in Finland." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 96, no. : 100-118.
Different abiotic and biotic disturbances are expected to become more common in the future due to a warming climate. Globally, post-disturbance salvage logging is becoming more predominant to recover economic value from timber in disturbed forests. This study collected comparative time-study data and analyzed the productivity of cutting for windfalls in clear cuttings and determined the cutting costs of windfalls. Furthermore, the logging (i.e., cutting and forwarding) costs of wind-damaged trees and those of undamaged standing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in clear cuts were calculated in Finland. The results revealed that the cutting productivity of windfalls was 19–33% lower than that of undamaged stems. The cutting costs of windthrown stems with a volume of 0.3–1.5 m3 were 35–64% higher and the logging costs of windfalls were 10–30% higher than those of undamaged standing stems. The study provided new understanding regarding the productivity and costs of salvage logging operations under Finnish conditions. Even if the logging of windfalls is expensive and laborious, salvage logging operations are important for forest stands and their health to minimize post-disaster damage outbreaks in coniferous forests, such as the damage caused by bark beetles—mainly Ips typographus L.
Kalle Kärhä; Tuomas Anttonen; Asko Poikela; Teijo Palander; Ari Laurén; Heli Peltola; Yrjö Nuutinen. Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests. Forests 2018, 9, 280 .
AMA StyleKalle Kärhä, Tuomas Anttonen, Asko Poikela, Teijo Palander, Ari Laurén, Heli Peltola, Yrjö Nuutinen. Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests. Forests. 2018; 9 (5):280.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalle Kärhä; Tuomas Anttonen; Asko Poikela; Teijo Palander; Ari Laurén; Heli Peltola; Yrjö Nuutinen. 2018. "Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests." Forests 9, no. 5: 280.
Heterobasidion spp. root rot causes severe damage to forests throughout the northern temperate zone. In order to prevent Heterobasidion infection in summertime cuttings, stumps can be treated with urea or Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, the consumption of stump treatment materials and the quality of stump treatment work were investigated. A total of 46 harvesters were examined in May–November 2016 in Finland. The average stem size of softwood removal and softwood removal per hectare explained the consumption of stump treatment material. The quality of stump treatment work was good in the study. The best coverage was achieved with the stumps of 20–39 cm diameter at stump height (d0). It can be recommended that the harvester operator self-monitors and actively controls his/her treatment result in cutting work and sets the stump treatment equipment in a harvester if needed. The results also suggested that when cutting mostly small- and medium-diameter (d0 ≤ 39 cm) conifers, the stump treatment guide bars with relatively few (27) number of open holes are applied.
Kalle Kärhä; Ville Koivusalo; Teijo Palander; Matti Ronkanen. Treatment of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stumps with Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea for Control of Heterobasidion. Forests 2018, 9, 139 .
AMA StyleKalle Kärhä, Ville Koivusalo, Teijo Palander, Matti Ronkanen. Treatment of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stumps with Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea for Control of Heterobasidion. Forests. 2018; 9 (3):139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalle Kärhä; Ville Koivusalo; Teijo Palander; Matti Ronkanen. 2018. "Treatment of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stumps with Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea for Control of Heterobasidion." Forests 9, no. 3: 139.
Road freight transportation is the most common mode of long-distance timber transportation. This study assesses the environmental impacts of the larger and heavier vehicles on emission efficiency for 76 t vehicles using the synchronized calculation method. The method took account of two factors: load mass and the migration of loads to heavier vehicles. The method was successfully tested to calculate emission efficiency after the short-term adaptation process. Calculations were made for four mass limits (60, 64, 68 and 76 t) year after the mass limits were raised. Based on Enterprise Resource Planning data, efficiency of CO2 emissions (measured in relation to trip) increased 15.8% for 76 t vehicles. Respectively, CO2 emissions reduced 6.2% to 42.8 g/tkm. The results show that increase in maximum vehicle mass yields cleaner wood procurement chain in pulp production process. This study confirms that the synchronized calculation method can be used in real-world transport systems and local wood supply chains to determine and solve emission efficiencies of larger and heavier vehicle combinations.
Teijo Palander. The environmental emission efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles – A case study of road transportation in Finnish forest industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 155, 57 -62.
AMA StyleTeijo Palander. The environmental emission efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles – A case study of road transportation in Finnish forest industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 155 ():57-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander. 2016. "The environmental emission efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles – A case study of road transportation in Finnish forest industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 155, no. : 57-62.
An automatic forest-stand selection method was developed that integrates the procurement of profitable energy sources within a sustainable energy production system. We tested the method using a forest harvester simulator. We found that site-specific estimates of forest characteristics are important when predicting the potential of an energy-wood stand as a renewable energy source. Further, tree parameters can be combined with automatic stem measurements from a multiple-tree harvester to predict the energy-wood biomass in the stands. The selection process uses data from profitability studies. The selection process also uses environmental criteria to ensure that sufficient soil organic matter is left behind and to protect the soil against erosion. The integrated system of the harvester automatically adapts the system’s models and stand-selection rules to account for various site-specific stand parameters. Predicting the profitable and environmentally acceptable yield of stand biomass has great potential in sustainable forest resource management, but managers must decide whether the operational procurement guidelines provided by the stand-selection method is acceptable under their local real-world wood procurement conditions.
Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. Adaptive Procurement Guidelines for Automatic Selection of Renewable Forest Energy Sources within a Sustainable Energy Production System. Energies 2016, 9, 155 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä. Adaptive Procurement Guidelines for Automatic Selection of Renewable Forest Energy Sources within a Sustainable Energy Production System. Energies. 2016; 9 (3):155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. 2016. "Adaptive Procurement Guidelines for Automatic Selection of Renewable Forest Energy Sources within a Sustainable Energy Production System." Energies 9, no. 3: 155.
In this research, the logistics alternatives of Finnish forest industry under increasing imports of Russian wood are discussed. The paper show that the transportation strategy of a third party logistic provider (3PLs) used in the railway has large implications for the logistics of imported wood from Russia. In the primary data used in this research, the basic scenario described the railway transportation strategy of 3PLs at 2011, before Russia’s World Trade Organization (WTO) membership. The alternative scenarios described the strategies of 3PLs for changed wood transportation and storing needs of imported Russian wood under WTO. In the alternative scenarios also the railway wagon rotation was adjusted to reach the global optimum strategy for more efficient logistics of plants. After adjusting merely 3PLs’ wagon traffic flow, the global optimum was not reached, since the reduction of empty wagons caused severe shortages of wood flow and later a need to cut down storage inventory at districts and plants increasing total logistics costs. As the conclusion, the model based on the dynamic multiple objective linear programming (DMOLP) is recommended to the supply chain parties, as the adaptation of Russian wood import to the global railway transportation environment would require collaborative logistics and integrated optimizations of wood and the wagon-traffic flows to be carried out.
Teijo Palander; Jukka Malinen; Kalle Kärhä. Collaborative Railway Transportation Strategy to Increasing Imports of Russian Wood for the Finnish Forest Energy Industry. Electricity Distribution 2015, 85 -111.
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Jukka Malinen, Kalle Kärhä. Collaborative Railway Transportation Strategy to Increasing Imports of Russian Wood for the Finnish Forest Energy Industry. Electricity Distribution. 2015; ():85-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Jukka Malinen; Kalle Kärhä. 2015. "Collaborative Railway Transportation Strategy to Increasing Imports of Russian Wood for the Finnish Forest Energy Industry." Electricity Distribution , no. : 85-111.
The objective of the present study was to develop an automatic time study method based on a process-data model for single-grip harvesters, with inputs based on data automatically collected by the harvester's onboard computer. The method integrates the phases of the work cycle into components under conditions in which the work phases may overlap to varying degrees. During the work phase analysis, we found that process-data models differed under similar work conditions because work phases could not be completely separated during the automatic recording of data. We therefore used the combined data provided by manual and automatic timing to develop a new process-data model for a single-grip harvester's work. We also analyzed the overlapping and simultaneous work phases to optimize the improved process-data model. The results were satisfactory, and the method can be systematically used in time studies based on automatically recorded data by modifying the process-data model using the approach described in this article. Adjustment of the model to improve data-recording accuracy compared with manual time studies has great potential, but this must be confirmed through additional harvesting experiments during work studies with different machines and in different forests.
Teijo Palander; Yrjö Nuutinen; Arto Kariniemi; Kari Väätäinen. Automatic Time Study Method for Recording Work Phase Times of Timber Harvesting. Forest Science 2013, 59, 472 -483.
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Yrjö Nuutinen, Arto Kariniemi, Kari Väätäinen. Automatic Time Study Method for Recording Work Phase Times of Timber Harvesting. Forest Science. 2013; 59 (4):472-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Yrjö Nuutinen; Arto Kariniemi; Kari Väätäinen. 2013. "Automatic Time Study Method for Recording Work Phase Times of Timber Harvesting." Forest Science 59, no. 4: 472-483.
Teijo Palander; Jaska Salonen; Heikki Ovaskainen. Kanto- ja juuripuun kaukokuljetuksen kustannusrakenne. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2011, 2011, 1 .
AMA StyleTeijo Palander, Jaska Salonen, Heikki Ovaskainen. Kanto- ja juuripuun kaukokuljetuksen kustannusrakenne. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja. 2011; 2011 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeijo Palander; Jaska Salonen; Heikki Ovaskainen. 2011. "Kanto- ja juuripuun kaukokuljetuksen kustannusrakenne." Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2011, no. 4: 1.