The study aimed to present an integrated model for evaluation of big data (BD) challenges and analytical methods in recommender systems (RSs). The proposed model used fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) which is a human judgment-based method for weighting of RSs’ properties. Human judgment is associated with uncertainty and gray information. We used fuzzy techniques to integrate, summarize, and calculate quality value judgment distances. Then, two fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are implemented for scoring BD challenges and data analytical methods in different RSs. In experimental testing of the proposed model, A correlation coefficient (CC) analysis is conducted to test the relationship between a BD challenge evaluation for a collaborative filtering-based RS and the results of fuzzy inference systems. The result shows the ability of the proposed model to evaluate the BD properties in RSs. Future studies may improve FIS by providing rules for evaluating BD tools.

The sensitivity and value of personal information, especially financial data concerning the increasing threats, particularly in the online domain, make it urgent to assess how far financial companies are serious about respecting and protecting individuals’ information privacy. The recent incidents and cases in Malaysia indicate this necessity. To date, there is not any official report or study concerning this issue in Malaysia. The purpose of the research was to assess the out-put of the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 through evaluating the privacy policies of the Banks and Financial Institutions. In this qualitative research, the compliance assessment is delimited to compliance with specific requirements, especially the Notice and Choice Principle and individuals’ rights through document study. We proposed an evaluation model based on the standards of the PDPA. The qualitative analysis of the results showed a non-compliance with the requirements of the Act by the financial sector. Hence, suggestions and solutions are provided in line with a standard privacy policy for these types of companies.

The Concept and definition of the privacy has been changed during the time affecting by different factors. At the same time, the boundaries of privacy may differ from one place to another affecting by the culture, religion, etc. Nonetheless, there is not a unique general accepted definition for the privacy. Privacy has been considered from different disciplines like sociology, psychology, law and philosophy. It is a multidisciplinary domain, having an easy concept but difficult to define. However, by reviewing all different viewpoints, it can be concluded that privacy is an individual tendency, wish and natural need to be away from others’ control and surveillance. Moreover, it is the physical as well as impalpable limits of an individual who likes to be free from others intrusion. The present review, is a doctrinal legal study on background, concept, limits and legal development of privacy through comparative and descriptive approach in order to offer a general and understandable idea of the right to privacy.

The time and place of formation of a contract comprise significant legal effects under the law of contracts. In case of electronic contracts, the determination of time and place of dispatch and receipt of an electronic message plays a significant role to determine the time and place of formation. The Electronic Commerce Act of Iran provides a number of provisions concerning the formation stage. The modification of the dispatch and receipt provisions has a significant impact to fulfill the present legal-commercial demands in line with new technologies. This paper aims to provide legal recommendations for amending the time and place of dispatch and receipt rules of an electronic message. We used the analytical-comparative method to the principles and legal effects of formation under the Iranian Electronic Commerce Act. The results conclude that the dispatch and receipt principles have some defects and silence features. Moreover, the related provisions are not adequate to address legal issues arising from new technologies like internet.

The sensitivity and value of personal information, especially financial data concerning the increasing threats, particularly in the online domain, make it urgent to assess how far financial companies are serious about respecting and protecting individuals’ information privacy. The recent incidents and cases in Malaysia indicate this necessity. To date, there is not any official report or study concerning this issue in Malaysia. The purpose of the research was to assess the out-put of the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 through evaluating the privacy policies of the Banks and Financial Institutions. In this qualitative research, the compliance assessment is delimited to compliance with specific requirements, especially the Notice and Choice Principle and individuals’ rights through document study. We proposed an evaluation model based on the standards of the PDPA. The qualitative analysis of the results showed a non-compliance with the requirements of the Act by the financial sector. Hence, suggestions and solutions are provided in line with a standard privacy policy for these types of companies.