Synthetic polymers (SyPs) have found many relevant applications niches in biomedical engineering. Their mechanical properties, defined chemical structure, batch to batch consistency are attractive features that render them superior (at least in some senses) to natural polymers. However, most SyPs must be functionalized in order to properly serve for an intended biological application. Here we describe recent strategies used to functionalize SyPs for tissue engineering and related applications. We review functionalization strategies to promote cell–polymer interactions, to direct cell fate, and to induce extra-cellular matrix (ECM) (or tissue) remodeling. Besides chemical functionalization, we describe a selection of methods (i.e., casting and particle leaching, thermally induced phase separation, electrospinning, gas foaming, and 3D printing) that have been used in recent literature to modify the architecture/topography of scafolds made of SyPs. We also review recent literature on SyPs functionalization to impart antimicrobial or conductive character and to engineer actuators for tissue engineering applications. Finally, we briefly discuss some of the trends on the engineering of SyPs (i.e., bioinspiration, 3D bioprinting, nucleic-acid-based platforms) that are currently reshaping tissue engineering.

Tension band wiring for patellar fractures is common, but some recent reports refer to disadvantages of this approach. Our anatomical and biomechanical study focused on use of tension band techniques in patellar fractures. The anatomy of the patella and tendon insertion was examined with knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and correlated with the technical requirements of the tension band. Tension band wiring over tendinous tissue was simulated and calculated with a cyclic biomechanical test on cow patellae. According to tension band templating on the MRI section, Kirschner wire insertion was needed for the tension band to turn over the tendinous tissue. The tension band became more stable while turning over less tendinous tissue and more adjacent bone surface. Nevertheless, cyclic loading tests indicate that all tension band applications in this study lose their initial stability. Excessive initial compression by the tension band resulted in bending of the Kirschner wire and thus reduction failure. For optimum stabilisation, tension force transfer should be done directly on bone or at least material that protects the tendon would be useful.