During the last decade, research into genetic markers in the casein gene cluster has been actively introduced in cattle breeding programs. A special interest has been paid to the polymorphism of the CSN3 gene, responsible for the expression of the k-casein, playing a key role in protein coagulation, interaction with whey proteins, stabilization, and aggregation of casein micelles. This paper aimed to determine the effect of CSN3 genetic polymorphism on acid; rennet; acid–rennet; heat- and acid-induced as well as heat- and calcium-induced coagulation in skimmed milk; and protein-standardized milk systems (UF, NF, RO, VE). The influence of polymorphic variants of the CSN3 gene on the coagulation ability of milk proteins was assessed by the particle size of casein micelles, protein retention factor in the clot, and coagulation ability (duration of induction period, mass coagulation period, dynamic viscosity in gel point). The correlation between CSN3 gene polymorphism and protein coagulation was revealed. Milk systems obtained from CSN3 BB milk were found to have the shortest duration of coagulation, formation of better gel strength values, and increased yield compared to CSN3 AA. This study will improve the efficiency of milk processing and optimize the technology of dairy product production.

Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации возможно только путем насыщения внутреннего рынка отечественной качественной и безопасной пищевой продукцией в объемах, необходимых для поддержания активного и здорового образа жизни населения. Получение такой продукции априори зависит от качества используемых сырьевых ингредиентов. Для создания различных пищевых систем (молочной, кондитерской, хлебобулочной, мясной и пр. продукции) широко применяют сухое молоко в натуральном или восстановленном виде. Распространенность использования сухого молока в пищевой промышленности, с одной стороны, обусловлена его физико-химическими показателями, высокой биологической и пищевой ценностью, с другой - возможностью длительного хранения в широком диапазоне температур и снижением экономических и производственных издержек. Цель исследований - анализ и систематизация информации о влиянии технологических свойств сухого молока на его функциональность и рациональность использования в различных отраслях пищевой промышленности путем формирования качественных свойств пищевых систем. Органолептические, физико-химические, структурно-механические, микробиологические характеристики сухого молока зависят от генетических, паратипических и производственных факторов и обусловливают технологичность, функциональность и рациональность его использования. Одними из основных технологических свойств сухого молока являются его растворимость, способность к пенообразованию и диспергированию, термоустойчивость и сыропригодность. На указанные свойства оказывают влияние форма и размер частиц, плотность, пористость, сыпучесть, агломерированность, смачиваемость сухого молока, режимы тепловой обработки сырого молока перед его сгущением и сушкой и пр., которые имеют различные степени воздействия на формирование качественных характеристик готовой...

The development of molecular genetic and bioinformatic systems for identifying the species of milk and the raw material composition of dairy products is of great scientific and practical importance with the purpose of introducing developments in the system for controlling the turnover of falsified products. The aim of the research is to develop a method of PCR-RFLP analysis for species identification of milk and dairy products from agricultural ruminant animals by the κ-casein gene (CSN3) with the possibility of qualitative and relative quantitative assessment of species-specific DNA of the tested biomaterial. The objects of research were samples of raw milk and milk powder, pasteurized cream, and hard and semi-hard cheeses. The developed method of species identification of milk and dairy products includes sample preparation of the studied samples, nucleic acid extraction, combined PCR-RFLP technique, detection of obtained results by the method of horizontal electrophoresis in agarose gel and their analysis, including using the developed mathematical algorithms and software. The synergistic effect established in combined operation of 2 restriction enzymes ensured their application in a mix with increased performance in an ergonomic way in the context of DNA authentication of cow, goat, and sheep milk and dairy products based on them. The specificity and sensitivity of the proposed method is potentially suitable for implementing the development of a system to control the turnover of falsified and counterfeit goods.

DNA authentication of wines is a process of verifying their authenticity by genetic identification of the main plant component. The sample preparation of experimental and commercial wines was carried out by precipitation of wine debris by centrifugation with preliminary exposure with precipitators and co-precipitators, including developed macro- and micro-volume methods applicable to white or red wines, using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a co-precipitator. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol and proteinase K to the lysing solution made it possible to adapt the technology for DNA extraction from the precipitated wine debris. The additionally tested technique of DNA extraction from wine debris by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) lysis had fewer stages and, consequently, a lower risk of contamination. The results of further testing of one of the designed primer pairs (UFGT-F1 and UFGT-R1) in conjunction with the tested methods of wine material sample preparation and nucleic acid extraction, showed the advantage in the given set of oligonucleotides over previously used ones in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. The developing strategy for genetic identification of grape varieties and DNA authentication of wines produced from them based on direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products is implemented by interpreting the detected polymorphic positions of variable Vitis vinifera L. UFGT gene locus with distribution and split into 13 UFGT gene-associated groups.

Introduction. An integrated monitoring of raw milk’s contents, quality, and security is a key factor that guarantees the high-quality dairy production. As a result, new research methods of rennet clotting are a topical and urgent area of study. The research objective was to systemize and analyze the basic criteria and assessment methods of rennet-induced protein gels in milk systems. Study objects and methods. The authors reviewed the official Russian criteria and methods of raw milk assessment by its rennet coagulation properties. The research also featured the most widespread instrumental approaches used in best practices from around the world. Results and discussion. In Russian and foreign cheese production, milk is always tested for its physicochemical and microbiological indicators, with a mandatory check of its coagulation characteristics. Russian cheese-makers use different modifications of rennet and rennet-fermenting tests based on subjective sensory evaluation, while international scientific trends in this area aim at developing and improving instrumental methods by using a complex indicator MCP. This indicator characterizes the parameters of rennet coagulation with the help of such devices as Formagraph, Lattodinamografo, Optigraph, etc. Formagraph is a simple instrument for measuring rheological properties of milk clotting. It was popular in the late XX century. The resent years saw the development of other methods of instrumental control, including those based on optical measurements. For instance, Ortigraph is one such instrument that receives unified data on coagulation properties of raw milk by using near-infrared waves. Sensory and instrumental methods have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the most significant criteria for a quick test of cheeseability, yield, and quality are the speed of analysis and the comparability and reproducibility of results. Conclusion. To improve cheeseability testing, Russian cheese-makers need to use the international experience, which offers standardized evaluation criteria in combination with various instrumental approaches. However, the integration of foreign regulations and methods into Russian studies is not the only option. The improvement and development of national instrumental methods of evaluating milk protein coagulation is also crucial.