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The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in various applications has a promising potential as advanced technology progresses due to its renowned advantages as cheap and abundant feedstock. The main drawback in the utilization of this type of biomass is the essential requirement for the pretreatment process. The most common pretreatment process applied is chemical pretreatment. However, it is a non-eco-friendly process. Therefore, this review aims to bring into light several greener pretreatment processes as an alternative approach for the current chemical pretreatment. The main processes for each physical and biological pretreatment process are reviewed and highlighted. Additionally, recent advances in the effect of different non-chemical pretreatment approaches for the natural fibres are also critically discussed with a focus on bioproducts conversion.
Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Muhammad Roslim Muhammad Huzaifah; Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Siti Shazra Shazleen; Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Jesuarockiam Naveen; Norizan Mohd Nurazzi; Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani; Mohd Idham Hakimi; Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas; Mohd Azwan Jenol. Greener Pretreatment Approaches for the Valorisation of Natural Fibre Biomass into Bioproducts. Polymers 2021, 13, 2971 .
AMA StyleMohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Muhammad Roslim Muhammad Huzaifah, Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Siti Shazra Shazleen, Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Jesuarockiam Naveen, Norizan Mohd Nurazzi, Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani, Mohd Idham Hakimi, Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas, Mohd Azwan Jenol. Greener Pretreatment Approaches for the Valorisation of Natural Fibre Biomass into Bioproducts. Polymers. 2021; 13 (17):2971.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Muhammad Roslim Muhammad Huzaifah; Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Siti Shazra Shazleen; Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Jesuarockiam Naveen; Norizan Mohd Nurazzi; Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani; Mohd Idham Hakimi; Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas; Mohd Azwan Jenol. 2021. "Greener Pretreatment Approaches for the Valorisation of Natural Fibre Biomass into Bioproducts." Polymers 13, no. 17: 2971.
The development of armour systems with higher ballistic resistance and light weight has gained considerable attention as an increasing number of countries are recognising the need to build up advanced self-defence system to deter potential military conflicts and threats. Graphene is a two dimensional one-atom thick nanomaterial which possesses excellent tensile strength (130 GPa) and specific penetration energy (10 times higher than steel). It is also lightweight, tough and stiff and is expected to replace the current aramid fibre-based polymer composites. Currently, insights derived from the study of the nacre (natural armour system) are finding applications on the development of artificial nacre structures using graphene-based materials that can achieve high toughness and energy dissipation. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential of graphene-based nanomaterials with regard to the penetration energy, toughness and ballistic limit for personal body armour applications. This review addresses the cutting-edge research in the ballistic performance of graphene-based materials through theoretical, experimentation as well as simulations. The influence of fabrication techniques and interfacial interactions of graphene-based bioinspired polymer composites for ballistic application are also discussed. This review also covers the artificial nacre which is shown to exhibit superior mechanical and toughness behaviours.
Jesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid; Kheng Goh; Degalhal Reddy; Chandrasekar Muthukumar; Tamil Loganathan; Koduri Reshwanth. Advancement in Graphene-Based Materials and Their Nacre Inspired Composites for Armour Applications—A Review. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1239 .
AMA StyleJesuarockiam Naveen, Mohammad Jawaid, Kheng Goh, Degalhal Reddy, Chandrasekar Muthukumar, Tamil Loganathan, Koduri Reshwanth. Advancement in Graphene-Based Materials and Their Nacre Inspired Composites for Armour Applications—A Review. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (5):1239.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid; Kheng Goh; Degalhal Reddy; Chandrasekar Muthukumar; Tamil Loganathan; Koduri Reshwanth. 2021. "Advancement in Graphene-Based Materials and Their Nacre Inspired Composites for Armour Applications—A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5: 1239.
In this study, the effect of different polypropylene (PP) matrices (homopolymer (HPP), impact copolymer (ICP), and recycled polypropylene (rPP)) on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of date palm fiber (DPF)-reinforced PP composites was investigated. The DPFs were treated with an alkali solution, and composites were fabricated with different DPF loadings (5, 10, and 15 wt %) and lengths (less than 2 mm and 8–12 mm). It was found that the tensile properties of the DPF/ICP and DPF/rPP composites were similar to those of the DPF/HPP composites. The addition of fiber to the matrix reduced its tensile strength but increased the modulus. The alkali treatment improved the compatibility between the fibers and the matrix by removing hemicellulose and other impurities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed hemicellulose removal. The morphology of the alkali-treated fractured tensile specimen revealed improved adhesion and less fiber pull out. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the alkali treatment enhanced the crystallinity index. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of DPFs into the PP matrix reduced the thermal stability of the composite. However, the thermal stability of the treated fiber-reinforced rPP and ICP composites was similar to that of the DPF/HPP composite. Hence, rPP can be used as an alternative to HPP with DPFs.
Mohammed Sh. Al-Otaibi; Othman Y. Alothman; Maher M. Alrashed; Arfat Anis; Jesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid. Characterization of Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Different Polypropylene Matrices. Polymers 2020, 12, 597 .
AMA StyleMohammed Sh. Al-Otaibi, Othman Y. Alothman, Maher M. Alrashed, Arfat Anis, Jesuarockiam Naveen, Mohammad Jawaid. Characterization of Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Different Polypropylene Matrices. Polymers. 2020; 12 (3):597.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Sh. Al-Otaibi; Othman Y. Alothman; Maher M. Alrashed; Arfat Anis; Jesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid. 2020. "Characterization of Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Different Polypropylene Matrices." Polymers 12, no. 3: 597.
This study aims to investigate the void content, tensile, vibration and acoustic properties of kenaf/bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The composites were made using the hand lay-up method. The weight ratios of kenaf/bamboo were 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30. Further, kenaf and bamboo composites were fabricated for the purpose of comparison. The hybridization of woven kenaf/bamboo reduced the void content. The void contents of hybrid composites were almost similar. An enhancement in elongation at break, tensile strength and modulus of hybrid composites was observed until a kenaf/bamboo ratio of 50:50. Kenaf/bamboo (50:50) hybrid composite displays the highest elongation at break, tensile strength and modulus compared to the other hybrid composites which are 2.42 mm, 55.18 MPa and 5.15 GPa, respectively. On the other hand, the highest natural frequency and damping factors were observed for Bamboo/Kenaf (30:70) hybrid composites. The sound absorption coefficient of composites were measured in two conditions: without air gap and with air gap (10, 20, 30 mm). The sound absorption coefficient for testing without air gap was less than 0.5. Introducing an air gap improved the sound absorption coefficient of all composites. Hence, hybrid kenaf/bamboo composites exhibited less void content, as well as improved tensile, vibration and acoustic properties.
Ahmad Safwan Ismail; Mohammad Jawaid; Jesuarockiam Naveen. Void Content, Tensile, Vibration and Acoustic Properties of Kenaf/Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. Materials 2019, 12, 2094 .
AMA StyleAhmad Safwan Ismail, Mohammad Jawaid, Jesuarockiam Naveen. Void Content, Tensile, Vibration and Acoustic Properties of Kenaf/Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. Materials. 2019; 12 (13):2094.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Safwan Ismail; Mohammad Jawaid; Jesuarockiam Naveen. 2019. "Void Content, Tensile, Vibration and Acoustic Properties of Kenaf/Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites." Materials 12, no. 13: 2094.
The aim of the present research work is to enhance the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of Kevlar/Cocos nucifera sheath (CS)/epoxy composites with graphene nano platelets (GNP). Laminates were fabricated through the hand lay-up method followed by hot pressing. GNP at different wt.% (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) were incorporated with epoxy resin through ultra-sonication. Kevlar/CS composites with different weight ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) were fabricated while maintaining a fiber/matrix weight ratio at 45/55. Thermal degradation and viscoelastic properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysys (TGA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, and a dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA). The obtained results revealed that Kevlar/CS (25/75) hybrid composites at 0.75 wt.% of GNP exhibited similar thermal stability compared to Kevlar/epoxy (100/0) composites at 0 wt.% of GNP. It has been corroborated with DSC observation that GNP act as a thermal barrier. However, DMA results showed that the Kevlar/CS (50/50) hybrid composites at 0.75 wt.% of GNP exhibited almost equal viscoelastic properties compared to Kevlar/epoxy (100/0) composites at 0 wt.% GNP due to effective crosslinking, which improves the stress transfer rate. Hence, this research proved that Kevlar can be efficiently (50%) replaced with CS at an optimal GNP loading for structural applications.
Naveen Jesuarockiam; Mohammad Jawaid; Edi Syams Zainudin; Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan; Ridwan Yahaya. Enhanced Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Synthetic/Natural Hybrid Composites with Graphene Nanoplateletes. Polymers 2019, 11, 1085 .
AMA StyleNaveen Jesuarockiam, Mohammad Jawaid, Edi Syams Zainudin, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Ridwan Yahaya. Enhanced Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Synthetic/Natural Hybrid Composites with Graphene Nanoplateletes. Polymers. 2019; 11 (7):1085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaveen Jesuarockiam; Mohammad Jawaid; Edi Syams Zainudin; Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan; Ridwan Yahaya. 2019. "Enhanced Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Synthetic/Natural Hybrid Composites with Graphene Nanoplateletes." Polymers 11, no. 7: 1085.
This research investigated the effect of adding different wt.% (0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) of GNP (graphene nanoplatelets) to improve the mechanical and moisture resistant properties of Kevlar (K)/cocos nucifera sheath (CS)/epoxy hybrid composites. The laminates were fabricated with different K/CS weight ratios such as 100/0 (S1), 75/25 (S2), 50/50 (S3), 25/75 (S4), and 0/100 (S5). The results revealed that the addition of GNP improved the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of laminated composites. However, the optimal wt.% of GNP varies with different laminates. A moisture diffusion analysis showed that the laminates with a 0.25 wt.% of GNP content efficiently hindered water uptake by closing all the unoccupied pores inside the laminate. Morphological investigations (SEM and FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope)) proved that the addition of GNP improved the interfacial adhesion and dispersion. Structural (XRD and FTIR) analyses reveals that at 0.25 wt.% of GNP, all the hybrid composites showed a better crystallinity index and the functional groups presents in the GNP can form strong interactions with the fibers and matrix. A statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA, and it corroborates that the mechanical properties of different laminates showed a statistically significant difference. Hence, these GNP-modified epoxy hybrid composites can be efficiently utilized in load-bearing structures.
Jesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid; Edi Syams Zainudin; Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan; Ridwan Yahaya. Improved Mechanical and Moisture-Resistant Properties of Woven Hybrid Epoxy Composites by Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP). Materials 2019, 12, 1249 .
AMA StyleJesuarockiam Naveen, Mohammad Jawaid, Edi Syams Zainudin, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Ridwan Yahaya. Improved Mechanical and Moisture-Resistant Properties of Woven Hybrid Epoxy Composites by Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP). Materials. 2019; 12 (8):1249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid; Edi Syams Zainudin; Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan; Ridwan Yahaya. 2019. "Improved Mechanical and Moisture-Resistant Properties of Woven Hybrid Epoxy Composites by Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP)." Materials 12, no. 8: 1249.