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Selecting the proper composite fabrication technique in the automotive industry is key to fulfilling the performance criteria and economic feasibility of the manufactured parts. While there are several standard techniques that are commonly used with carbon and glass fibers, only few of those techniques are suitable for use with natural fiber reinforcements. This chapter will discuss the different natural fiber composite (NFC) manufacturing techniques used in the literature as well as those techniques used by leading automotive parts manufacturers. Compression molding, resin transfer molding, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding techniques are described with details on processing parameters and procedures. Hand layup technique as well as extrusion and injection molding is also discussed. Comparison between processing parameters of NFC with thermoplastic and thermoset matrices is summarized in addition to comparison of the mechanical properties of NFC manufactured using selected techniques.
Lobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. Natural Fiber Composite Fabrication for the Automotive Industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites 2021, 23 -52.
AMA StyleLobna A. Elseify, Mohamad Midani, Ayman El-Badawy, Mohammad Jawaid. Natural Fiber Composite Fabrication for the Automotive Industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites. 2021; ():23-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Natural Fiber Composite Fabrication for the Automotive Industry." Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites , no. : 23-52.
Research on natural fiber composites (NFCs) has identified poor compatibility between natural fiber reinforcement and synthetic matrix, as one of the major factors limiting the wide use of NFC. A novel composite is introduced to resolve this problem, which is made entirely of cellulose and known as all-cellulose composite (ACC). ACC is believed to be the future of sustainable composites in the automotive industry. This chapter is devoted to the discussion of all-cellulose composites and its potential use as a sustainable composite in the automotive industry of the future. The manufacturing of ACC using conventional impregnation method (CIM) and partial dissolution method (PDM) is described, including a comparison between both methods. Then, the dissolution and regeneration stages and the types of solvents and anti-solvents used are also presented. Finally, the effect of the processing parameters on the properties of ACC is detailed and discussed.
Lobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. Future Trends in Natural Fiber Composites in the Automotive Industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites 2021, 77 -83.
AMA StyleLobna A. Elseify, Mohamad Midani, Ayman El-Badawy, Mohammad Jawaid. Future Trends in Natural Fiber Composites in the Automotive Industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites. 2021; ():77-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Future Trends in Natural Fiber Composites in the Automotive Industry." Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites , no. : 77-83.
Greenwashing and false sustainability claims are being used extensively to benefit from the rise of the eco-conscious consumer. However, it is not always necessary for the products made with natural resources to be environmentally friendly. A comprehensive sustainability assessment is required to validate any sustainability claim. This chapter is devoted to the discussion of the sustainability assessment and recycling of natural fiber composites (NFC). The standard methods used in the sustainability assessment are introduced including life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint. A comparison between the carbon footprint of different natural fibers is conducted, as well as a comparison between the carbon footprint of NFC and glass fiber composites. Advantages and disadvantages of natural fibers and glass fibers throughout their life cycle are discussed. Finally, the different methods and routes for recycling NFC are explained.
Lobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. Sustainability Assessment and Recycling of Natural Fiber Composites. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites 2021, 67 -75.
AMA StyleLobna A. Elseify, Mohamad Midani, Ayman El-Badawy, Mohammad Jawaid. Sustainability Assessment and Recycling of Natural Fiber Composites. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites. 2021; ():67-75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Sustainability Assessment and Recycling of Natural Fiber Composites." Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites , no. : 67-75.
Materials qualification is an essential process for approving any new material by the automotive industry. The process occurs between material suppliers and automakers to ensure that any new material meets the performance requirements. This chapter is dedicated to discussing the natural fiber composite (NFC) qualification process in the automotive industry. The three-step process for introducing new materials to the automotive industry is explained. The major challenges facing the use of NFC in the industry are also discussed, including fiber availability, variability of properties, hydrophilicity, compatibility with resin, and degradability. The common automotive interior parts that are made from NFC are tabulated, with details on fiber and matrix types and major performance requirements, this includes door panels, front and rear door liners, headliners, rear parcel shelves, seat backs, spare tire covers, and other interior trims.
Lobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. Natural Fiber Composite Qualification in the Automotive Industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites 2021, 53 -65.
AMA StyleLobna A. Elseify, Mohamad Midani, Ayman El-Badawy, Mohammad Jawaid. Natural Fiber Composite Qualification in the Automotive Industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites. 2021; ():53-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Natural Fiber Composite Qualification in the Automotive Industry." Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites , no. : 53-65.
The textile reinforcement form (preform) plays an important role in determining the properties of the final composite/product. The preform formation process provides a precise control of the fiber architecture and orientation using a suitable textile manufacturing technique. While the techniques employed for preparing glass and carbon preforms are well-known, there is a gap in understanding how to prepare natural preforms for composite reinforcements. This chapter discusses the relevant preform preparation techniques and the resulting fiber architecture. Conventional preforms such as spun yarn, woven, knitted, nonwoven, braided, and comingled are illustrated and classified into one-, two- or three-dimensional reinforcements. Non-conventional preform formation techniques used in the automotive industry are also discussed, including, unidirectional tapes, pre-impregnated preforms, and powerRibs. Finally, the structural parameters of each preform and their effect on the final composite properties are explained.
Lobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. Natural Fiber Reinforcement Preparation. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites 2021, 11 -22.
AMA StyleLobna A. Elseify, Mohamad Midani, Ayman El-Badawy, Mohammad Jawaid. Natural Fiber Reinforcement Preparation. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites. 2021; ():11-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobna A. Elseify; Mohamad Midani; Ayman El-Badawy; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Natural Fiber Reinforcement Preparation." Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites , no. : 11-22.
Lead is a potentially toxic element (PTE) that has several adverse medical effects in humans. Its presence in the environment became prominent due to anthropogenic activities. The current study explores the use of newly developed composite materials (organic–inorganic hybrid) based on PANI-GO-APTES for electrochemical detection of Pb2+ in aqueous solution. The composite material (PANI-GO-APTES) was synthesized by chemical method and was characterized with SEM, XPS, XEDS, XRD, TGA, FTIR, EIS and CV. The result of characterization indicates the successful synthesis of the intended material. The PANI-GO-APTES was successfully applied for electrochemical detection of Pb2+ using cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry method. The limit of detection of Pb2+ was 0.0053 µM in the linear range of 0.01 µM to 0.4 µM. The current response produced during the electrochemical reduction of Pb2+ catalyzed by PANI-GO-APTES was also very repeatable, reproducible and rapid. The application of PANI-GO-APTES-modified GCE in real sample analysis was also established. Therefore, PANI-GO-APTES is presented as a potential Pb2+ sensor for environmental and human health safety.
Raja Alruwais; Waheed Adeosun; Hadi Marwani; Mohammad Jawaid; Abdullah Asiri; Anish Khan. Novel Aminosilane (APTES)-Grafted [email protected] Oxide (PANI-GO) Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Sensor. Polymers 2021, 13, 2562 .
AMA StyleRaja Alruwais, Waheed Adeosun, Hadi Marwani, Mohammad Jawaid, Abdullah Asiri, Anish Khan. Novel Aminosilane (APTES)-Grafted [email protected] Oxide (PANI-GO) Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Sensor. Polymers. 2021; 13 (15):2562.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaja Alruwais; Waheed Adeosun; Hadi Marwani; Mohammad Jawaid; Abdullah Asiri; Anish Khan. 2021. "Novel Aminosilane (APTES)-Grafted [email protected] Oxide (PANI-GO) Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Sensor." Polymers 13, no. 15: 2562.
Othman Y. Alothman; Hamid M. Shaikh; Basheer A. Alshammari; Mohammad Jawaid. Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Nano Filler Produced from Date Palm-Based Micro Fibers (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleOthman Y. Alothman, Hamid M. Shaikh, Basheer A. Alshammari, Mohammad Jawaid. Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Nano Filler Produced from Date Palm-Based Micro Fibers (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Y. Alothman; Hamid M. Shaikh; Basheer A. Alshammari; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Nano Filler Produced from Date Palm-Based Micro Fibers (Phoenix dactylifera L.)." Journal of Polymers and the Environment , no. : 1.
The development of active packaging for food applications have been increasingly favorable in publicity, industry, and research field, by attributing to the bio-safety in nature and promising antimicrobial property in preserving food product. In this study, polybutylene succinate (PBS) was used as the main polymeric material for preparing active film and incorporated with different active agents, i.e. thymol, kesum, and curry via solvent casting method. The produced active films were characterized through advanced analysis techniques. From morphology examination, kesum filled PBS film showed well-integrated film structure, whereas the thymol and curry filled PBS films presented poor adhesion features comparing to pure PBS film. Also, the functional chemistry analysis revealed the presence of functional groups from active substances, indicating the successful incorporation of active agent in PBS film. Furthermore, the thermal analysis proved the thymol filled PBS film was with the greatest heat resistance due to its solidity structure. In terms of crystallinity, the kesum filled PBS film exhibited the highest crystallinity among the film samples, by associating to its great nucleating effect. Additionally, the films containing 10% kesum and thymol respectively showed zone of inhibition against S. aureus. However, the films tested on chicken fillet samples showed insignificant inhibitory effect on foodborne microbes. Nonetheless, the quality of chicken fillet covered with active PBS films had been improved with color attributes at 15% loading of active agent. Therefore, the active films produced in this work have potential to be utilized in the future for food packaging application.
Nurzia Mohamad; Mazween Mohamad Mazlan; Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal; Rosnita A. Talib; Lau Kia Kian; Mohammad Jawaid. Characterization of Active Polybutylene Succinate Films Filled Essential Oils for Food Packaging Application. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleNurzia Mohamad, Mazween Mohamad Mazlan, Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal, Rosnita A. Talib, Lau Kia Kian, Mohammad Jawaid. Characterization of Active Polybutylene Succinate Films Filled Essential Oils for Food Packaging Application. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurzia Mohamad; Mazween Mohamad Mazlan; Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal; Rosnita A. Talib; Lau Kia Kian; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Characterization of Active Polybutylene Succinate Films Filled Essential Oils for Food Packaging Application." Journal of Polymers and the Environment , no. : 1-12.
In this century, the development of nano-sized filler from biomass material has become the main focus of industries in achieving their final green composite product for wide range of applications. From commercial and environmental point of view, fragmentation and downsizing of waste lignocellulosic fibers without chemical treatments into small size particles is a viable option. In this study, an attempt was made to produce nano-sized lignocellulosic fillers from date palm micro fibers via simple mechanical ball milling process. The resultant nanofillers as well as the microfibers were characterized in details by various analytical techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis (PSA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to assess their structure—property relationship. From microscopy examination, the nanofillers showed a heterogeneous mix of irregular shaped particles, and while having a size ranging of 30-110 nm in width and 1-10 mm length dimensions. Also, the crystallography analysis revealed the crystallinity had mildly declined from microfibers (71.8%) to nanofiller (68.9%) due to amorphization effect. As for thermal analysis, the nanofillers exhibited relatively stable in both heat resistance and thermos changing behavior, suggesting its suitability for composite fabrication process at high temperature. Thus, the produced nanofillers can be used as a low cost reinforcing agent in the future for versatile polymer-based composite systems.
Othman Y Alothman; H.M. Shaikh; Basheer A. Alshammari; Mohammad Jawaid. Structural, Morphological and thermal properties of Nano filler Produced from Date Palm-based Micro Fibers (Phoenix Dactylifera L.). 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleOthman Y Alothman, H.M. Shaikh, Basheer A. Alshammari, Mohammad Jawaid. Structural, Morphological and thermal properties of Nano filler Produced from Date Palm-based Micro Fibers (Phoenix Dactylifera L.). . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthman Y Alothman; H.M. Shaikh; Basheer A. Alshammari; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Structural, Morphological and thermal properties of Nano filler Produced from Date Palm-based Micro Fibers (Phoenix Dactylifera L.)." , no. : 1.
Basalt fibre (BF) is one of the most promising reinforcing natural materials for polymer composites that could replace the usage of glass fibre due to its comparable properties. The aim of adding nanofiller in polymer composites is to enhance the mechanical properties of the composites. In theory, the incorporation of high strength and stiffness nanofiller, namely graphene nanoplatelet (GNP), could create superior composite properties. However, the main challenges of incorporating this nanofiller are its poor dispersion state and aggregation in epoxy due to its high surface area and strong Van der Waals forces in between graphene sheets. In this study, we used one of the effective methods of functionalization to improve graphene’s dispersion and also introducing nanosilica filler to enhance platelets shear mechanism. The high dispersive silica nanospheres were introduced in the tactoids morphology of stacked graphene nanosheets in order to produce high shear forces during milling and exfoliate the GNP. The hybrid nanofiller modified epoxy polymers were impregnated into BF to evaluate the mechanical properties of the basalt fibre reinforced polymeric (BFRP) system under tensile, compression, flexural, and drop-weight impact tests. In response to the synergistic effect of zero-dimensional nanosilica and two-dimensional graphene nanoplatelets enhanced the mechanical properties of BFRP, especially in Basalt fibre + 0.2 wt% GNP/15 wt% NS (BF-H0.2) with the highest increment in modulus and strength to compare with unmodified BF. These findings also revealed that the incorporation of hybrid nanofiller contributed to the improvement in the mechanical properties of the composite. BF has huge potential as an alternative to the synthetic glass fibre for the fabrication of mechanical components and structures.
Ummu Hashim; Aidah Jumahat; Mohammad Jawaid. Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet-Nanosilica Filled Unidirectional Basalt Fibre Composites. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1468 .
AMA StyleUmmu Hashim, Aidah Jumahat, Mohammad Jawaid. Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet-Nanosilica Filled Unidirectional Basalt Fibre Composites. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (6):1468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUmmu Hashim; Aidah Jumahat; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet-Nanosilica Filled Unidirectional Basalt Fibre Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6: 1468.
In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) dual-layer membranes filled with cellulose nanowhisker (CNWs), were fabricated by employing an integrated method combining water vapor-induced and crystallization-induced phase inversions. Four membranes (denoted as C-neat, C-I, C-II, and C-III) loaded with CNWs in the range of 0-3 wt% were prepared and characterized using various materials research aspects. The use of CNWs fillers was found to synergize the precipitation of the polymer layers in the integrated water vapor-induced and crystallization-induced method. With morphological examination, the C-III membrane showed prominent and well-laminated two layers structure, evidencing the great precipitating effect of 3 wt% CNWs on the crystallization the polymeric layers. The increase in CNWs loadings was found to improve the membrane porosity with, which was accompanied by a decrease in the pore size. The heat resistance of C-neat membrane was enhanced by CNWs loading of 1 wt% (C-I) whereas it decreased with loadings of 2 and 3 wt% (C-II and C-III) due to flaming behaviour of sulphated nanocellulose. Furthermore, The C-III membrane displayed the best mechanical properties in with respect to tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus compared to other membrane samples. For wastewater filtration performance, the continuous operation test showed that C-III membrane exhibited the highest removal efficiency for both Co2+ and Ni2+ metal ions reaching 83 and 84%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that CNWs filled dual-layer membranes have a strong potential for future development for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater streams.
Lau K Kian; Mohammad Jawaid; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef. Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Dual-Layer Membranes With Cellulose Nanowhisker for Heavy Metal Ion Separation. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleLau K Kian, Mohammad Jawaid, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef. Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Dual-Layer Membranes With Cellulose Nanowhisker for Heavy Metal Ion Separation. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLau K Kian; Mohammad Jawaid; Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef. 2021. "Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Dual-Layer Membranes With Cellulose Nanowhisker for Heavy Metal Ion Separation." , no. : 1.
Conocarpus fiber is a lignocellulosic biomass rich in cellulose potentially used for producing nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a biomaterial extensively employed in various application fields. In the present work, different hydrolysis times of 10, 20 and 30 min were applied to chemically pre-treated Conocarpus fiber to produce CPNC1, CPNC2, and CPNC3 particles. With acid hydrolysis treatment, the yield of NCC product was successfully retained at 17–19%. Individual, rod-like shapes of NCC particles could be clearly observed under microscopy examination. From chemical composition analysis, a relatively pure cellulose compartment was produced for all NCC samples with substantial removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The physicochemical analysis proved that each nanoparticle sample possessed strong cellulose crystalline structure. For thermal analyses, the heat resistance of NCCs was gradually enhanced with the increased hydrolysis times. Therefore, the extracted NCC product from Conocarpus fiber could be a green nano-filler for developing nanocomposite material in the future.
Anish Khan; Mohammad Jawaid; Lau Kian; Aftab Khan; Abdullah Asiri. Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber. Polymers 2021, 13, 1835 .
AMA StyleAnish Khan, Mohammad Jawaid, Lau Kian, Aftab Khan, Abdullah Asiri. Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1835.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnish Khan; Mohammad Jawaid; Lau Kian; Aftab Khan; Abdullah Asiri. 2021. "Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1835.
Polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole/cerium oxide nanocomposite (PPy/CeO2) were prepared by the chemical oxidative method in an aqueous medium using anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidant. The successful formulation of materials was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM). A four-in-line probe device was used for studying DC electrical conductivity and ammonia vapor sensing properties of PPy and PPy/CeO2. The significant improvement in both the conductivity and sensing parameters of PPy/CeO2 compared to pristine PPy reveals some synergistic/electronic interaction between PPy and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) working at molecular levels. The initial conductivity (i.e., conductivity at room temperature) was found to be 0.152 Scm−1 and 1.295 Scm−1 for PPy and PPy/CeO2, respectively. Also, PPy/CeO2 showed much better conductivity retention than pristine PPy under both the isothermal and cyclic ageing conditions. Ammonia vapor sensing was carried out at different concentration (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 vol %). The sensing response of PPy/CeO2 varied with varying concentrations. At 0.5 vol % ammonia concentration, the % sensing response of PPy and PPy/CeO2 sensor was found to be 39.1% and 93.4%, respectively. The sensing efficiency of the PPy/CeO2 sensor was also evaluated at 0.4. 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.03, and 0.01 vol % ammonia concentration in terms of % sensing response, response/recovery time, reversibility, selectivity as well as stability at room temperature.
Ahmad Husain; Salma Al-Zahrani; Ahmed Al Otaibi; Imran Khan; Mohammad Mujahid Ali Khan; Abeer Alosaimi; Anish Khan; Mahmoud Hussein; Abdullah Asiri; Mohammad Jawaid. Fabrication of Reproducible and Selective Ammonia Vapor Sensor-Pellet of Polypyrrole/Cerium Oxide Nanocomposite for Prompt Detection at Room Temperature. Polymers 2021, 13, 1829 .
AMA StyleAhmad Husain, Salma Al-Zahrani, Ahmed Al Otaibi, Imran Khan, Mohammad Mujahid Ali Khan, Abeer Alosaimi, Anish Khan, Mahmoud Hussein, Abdullah Asiri, Mohammad Jawaid. Fabrication of Reproducible and Selective Ammonia Vapor Sensor-Pellet of Polypyrrole/Cerium Oxide Nanocomposite for Prompt Detection at Room Temperature. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1829.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Husain; Salma Al-Zahrani; Ahmed Al Otaibi; Imran Khan; Mohammad Mujahid Ali Khan; Abeer Alosaimi; Anish Khan; Mahmoud Hussein; Abdullah Asiri; Mohammad Jawaid. 2021. "Fabrication of Reproducible and Selective Ammonia Vapor Sensor-Pellet of Polypyrrole/Cerium Oxide Nanocomposite for Prompt Detection at Room Temperature." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1829.
The advent of food contact material made from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber serves as a biodegradable alternative to petrochemical-based materials. This material needs to be tested according to strict regulations for its compliance as a food contact material. Present work aims to determine the presence of chemical contaminants in the EFB tray as compared to commercially available bagasse fiber-based tray and recycled Kraft fiber-based tray. The chemical contaminants were detected, and their levels were compared to the established limits. Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) was used to detect and quantify Polychlorinated Biphenyls’ (PCBs) presence in all fiber-based trays. Meanwhile, the presence of phthalates, benzophenone, and 4-methylbenzophenone was quantified by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The levels of mercury in fiber-based trays was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and the levels of lead and cadmium was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Additionally, formaldehyde migrated to aqueous extracts from fiber-based trays at two conditions (cold and hot) was determined by an ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Each fiber-based tray exhibited different innate chemical contaminants. Fortunately, most of the contaminants identified in the EFB fiber-based tray were found at trace levels. Unexpectedly, the migrated formaldehyde level found in hot water extract of recycled Kraft fiber-based tray was the highest and exceeds the limit set in Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, which is at 15 mg/kg of simulant. The results implied that the EFB fiber-based tray was inert and suitable for its application as food contact material.
M.A. Naziruddin; M. Jawaid; N.L. Yusof; N.A. Abdul-Mutalib; M.F. Ahmad; M. Sanny; A. Alzahari. Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 2021, 29, 100685 .
AMA StyleM.A. Naziruddin, M. Jawaid, N.L. Yusof, N.A. Abdul-Mutalib, M.F. Ahmad, M. Sanny, A. Alzahari. Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray. Food Packaging and Shelf Life. 2021; 29 ():100685.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.A. Naziruddin; M. Jawaid; N.L. Yusof; N.A. Abdul-Mutalib; M.F. Ahmad; M. Sanny; A. Alzahari. 2021. "Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray." Food Packaging and Shelf Life 29, no. : 100685.
In the past decades, insulated material in building had been widely used and presently thermal insulation materials from agricultural biomass seen as an alternative materials to develop environmental comfort inside and outside of the building. The aim of this present study is to evaluate the thermal properties and acoustic behaviour of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)/sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fibre reinforced biophenolic resin hybrid composites. Three different formulation ratio 70:30 (7OPEFB:3SCB), 50:50 (5OPEFB:5SCB) and 30:70 (3OPEFB:7SCB) of hybrid composite were fabricated by using hand lay-up method. The thermal conductivity testing was evaluated by means of a Quickline-TM30 apparatus and the acoustic absorption coefficient were measured by impedance tube. OPEFB:SCB fiber and phenolic resin were fabricated with target density range of 0.5 g/cm3. It’s clear from obtained result that 50:50 (5OPEFB:5SCB) hybrid composites can display better thermal stability with residue 45.04% and low thermal conductivity, 0.0863 W/mK. In acoustic test, this research found hybridization of 70:30 (7OPEFB:3SCB) fibre composite is slightly higher sound absorption coefficient followed by 5OPEFB:5SCB hybrid composite. The effect of different air gaps thickness (0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm) also investigated. Overall, composites made with equal ratio combination fibre (5OPEFB:5SCB) presented better thermal performance and improve the sound absorption coefficient. In contrast in this research found that natural fibre have a unique properties and hybrid composites of OPEFB:SCB fibre had a huge potential as a eco-friendly thermal insulator and sound absorber in order to enhance a comfort temperature and reduce excessive sound to occupied in commercial wall building.
Nor Azlina Ramlee; Mohammad Jawaid; Ahmad Safwan Ismail; Edi Syams Zainudin; Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani. Evaluation of Thermal and Acoustic Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch/Sugarcane Bagasse Fibres Based Hybrid Composites for Wall Buildings Thermal Insulation. Fibers and Polymers 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleNor Azlina Ramlee, Mohammad Jawaid, Ahmad Safwan Ismail, Edi Syams Zainudin, Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani. Evaluation of Thermal and Acoustic Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch/Sugarcane Bagasse Fibres Based Hybrid Composites for Wall Buildings Thermal Insulation. Fibers and Polymers. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNor Azlina Ramlee; Mohammad Jawaid; Ahmad Safwan Ismail; Edi Syams Zainudin; Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani. 2021. "Evaluation of Thermal and Acoustic Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch/Sugarcane Bagasse Fibres Based Hybrid Composites for Wall Buildings Thermal Insulation." Fibers and Polymers , no. : 1-9.
Nowadays, researchers continue studies for alternative materials to replace the redundant petroleum-based products. The combination of various polymer mixture process mainly from bio-polymer material as a matrix property could reduce the dependence over petroleum-based polymer, thus the dangerous residue waste from the synthetic polymer in the fabrication process could be eliminated and produce better composite material with lower cost and high performance of composite material in numerous applications. In this study, the effect of bio-phenolic loading and curing temperature on the mechanical properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends was investigated. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated with different loading of bio-phenolic resin (5(P-5), 10(P-10), 15(P-15), 20(P-20) and 25(P-25) wt%) and different curing temperature was used which is 100 ℃, 130 ℃ and 150 ℃. The overall mechanical properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were improved as bio-phenolic loading increase and curing temperature increase. Based on the analysis, bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends with 20 wt% bio-phenolic showed the best overall mechanical properties. Besides that, 150 ℃ curing temperature was the most suitable curing temperature for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends based on the overall mechanical properties.
Ahmad Safwan Ismail; Mohammad Jawaid; Norul Hisham Hamid; Ridwan Yahaya; Azman Hassan; Mohammad Asim; A.B.M. Supian. Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAhmad Safwan Ismail, Mohammad Jawaid, Norul Hisham Hamid, Ridwan Yahaya, Azman Hassan, Mohammad Asim, A.B.M. Supian. Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Safwan Ismail; Mohammad Jawaid; Norul Hisham Hamid; Ridwan Yahaya; Azman Hassan; Mohammad Asim; A.B.M. Supian. 2021. "Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends." , no. : 1.
The development of armour systems with higher ballistic resistance and light weight has gained considerable attention as an increasing number of countries are recognising the need to build up advanced self-defence system to deter potential military conflicts and threats. Graphene is a two dimensional one-atom thick nanomaterial which possesses excellent tensile strength (130 GPa) and specific penetration energy (10 times higher than steel). It is also lightweight, tough and stiff and is expected to replace the current aramid fibre-based polymer composites. Currently, insights derived from the study of the nacre (natural armour system) are finding applications on the development of artificial nacre structures using graphene-based materials that can achieve high toughness and energy dissipation. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential of graphene-based nanomaterials with regard to the penetration energy, toughness and ballistic limit for personal body armour applications. This review addresses the cutting-edge research in the ballistic performance of graphene-based materials through theoretical, experimentation as well as simulations. The influence of fabrication techniques and interfacial interactions of graphene-based bioinspired polymer composites for ballistic application are also discussed. This review also covers the artificial nacre which is shown to exhibit superior mechanical and toughness behaviours.
Jesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid; Kheng Goh; Degalhal Reddy; Chandrasekar Muthukumar; Tamil Loganathan; Koduri Reshwanth. Advancement in Graphene-Based Materials and Their Nacre Inspired Composites for Armour Applications—A Review. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1239 .
AMA StyleJesuarockiam Naveen, Mohammad Jawaid, Kheng Goh, Degalhal Reddy, Chandrasekar Muthukumar, Tamil Loganathan, Koduri Reshwanth. Advancement in Graphene-Based Materials and Their Nacre Inspired Composites for Armour Applications—A Review. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (5):1239.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesuarockiam Naveen; Mohammad Jawaid; Kheng Goh; Degalhal Reddy; Chandrasekar Muthukumar; Tamil Loganathan; Koduri Reshwanth. 2021. "Advancement in Graphene-Based Materials and Their Nacre Inspired Composites for Armour Applications—A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5: 1239.
The realization for the conservation of environment, especially from the contaminations caused as a result of disposal of non-biodegradable waste, compelled researchers to search environment friendly materials as a substitute to these toxic materials. The present research work focuses on the effective usage of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from bamboo fibers as a reinforcement in PLA/PBS polymeric blend. Polymer blend composites were fabricated using the hot-pressing technique with varying cellulose nanocrystalline content. The morphological and mechanical properties of the composite samples were investigated; the results revealed that there was a positive effect of incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (extracted from bamboo fibers) on the properties of the polymer matrix. The resultant biopolymer composite has one of its potential applications in food packaging where non-toxic and biodegradable materials are highly required.
Masrat Rasheed; Mohammad Jawaid; Bisma Parveez. Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Biodegradable Composites from Bamboo Fibers—Mechanical and Morphological Study. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2021, 1 -7.
AMA StyleMasrat Rasheed, Mohammad Jawaid, Bisma Parveez. Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Biodegradable Composites from Bamboo Fibers—Mechanical and Morphological Study. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2021; ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasrat Rasheed; Mohammad Jawaid; Bisma Parveez. 2021. "Preparation, Characterization and Properties of Biodegradable Composites from Bamboo Fibers—Mechanical and Morphological Study." Journal of Polymers and the Environment , no. : 1-7.
This research aims to characterize and analysis of newly cellulosic fiber extracted from Inula viscosa bark. The obtained Inula viscosa fibers were also characterized after having been treated with alkali and permanganate treatments. The effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical, physical, chemical and thermal properties of Inula viscosa fibers was investigated by using, X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric, scanning electron microscope analysis, optical microscope test, tensile and droplet tests. The treatment with permanganate was found to have the higher density (1.154 ± 0.032 g/cm3) compared to that of the untreated ones (1.040 ± 0.010 g/cm3). The best mechanical properties were also achieved when the permanganate treatment was adopted. In this pretext, tensile strength values and Young modulus were found as 196.99 ± 28.89 MPa and 12.98 ± 2.36 GPa, respectively. It is estimated that the fiber treatments will enable high-quality Inula Viscosa Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for use in the industry.
Nafissa Moussaoui; Mansour Rokbi; Hocine Osmani; Mohammad Jawaid; A. Atiqah; Mohammad Asim; Lamia Benhamadouche. Extraction and Characterization of Fiber Treatment Inula viscosa Fibers as Potential Polymer Composite Reinforcement. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2021, 1 -15.
AMA StyleNafissa Moussaoui, Mansour Rokbi, Hocine Osmani, Mohammad Jawaid, A. Atiqah, Mohammad Asim, Lamia Benhamadouche. Extraction and Characterization of Fiber Treatment Inula viscosa Fibers as Potential Polymer Composite Reinforcement. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2021; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNafissa Moussaoui; Mansour Rokbi; Hocine Osmani; Mohammad Jawaid; A. Atiqah; Mohammad Asim; Lamia Benhamadouche. 2021. "Extraction and Characterization of Fiber Treatment Inula viscosa Fibers as Potential Polymer Composite Reinforcement." Journal of Polymers and the Environment , no. : 1-15.
This study aims to investigate the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the strength and stiffness of Cyrtostachys renda (CR) leaf stalk fibers, which could potentially serve as reinforcement for polymer composites. Chemical treatment was performed with NaOH concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 wt% at a soaking time of 1 and 2 hours. The tensile strength, interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and the surface morphology of the fibers were investigated. Based on statistical analysis, the concentration of NaOH significantly affected the tensile strength, while both the concentration of NaOH and treatment duration influenced the IFSS. Increases of 130% in tensile strength and of 423% in interfacial shear strength for the fiber treated at NaOH concentration of 3% at 1 hour soaking time were found, as well as an increased crystallinity index by 12% compared to untreated CR fiber. SEM analysis revealed that shrinkage of hollow structure by the NaOH treatment occurred and subsequently fiber get denser. It can be concluded that fiber treatment with 3% NaOH for 1 hour soaking time is ideal to enhance the fiber properties. Therefore, alkali (NaOH) treated CR fiber could be a potential candidate as reinforcement in polymer composite for structural and automotive components.
Tamil Moli Loganathan; Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan; Qumrul Ahsan; Mohammad Jawaid; Ain Umaira Md Shah. Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Chemically Treated and Untreated Cyrtostachys Renda Fibers. Journal of Natural Fibers 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleTamil Moli Loganathan, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Qumrul Ahsan, Mohammad Jawaid, Ain Umaira Md Shah. Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Chemically Treated and Untreated Cyrtostachys Renda Fibers. Journal of Natural Fibers. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamil Moli Loganathan; Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan; Qumrul Ahsan; Mohammad Jawaid; Ain Umaira Md Shah. 2021. "Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Chemically Treated and Untreated Cyrtostachys Renda Fibers." Journal of Natural Fibers , no. : 1-16.