Influencers are persistently exposed through social media. Once almost unapproachable, celebrities are now open to daily interaction with the public. From comments, polls, emails, and even private messages, the public can engage with their celebrities with a mere click. While this engagement provides influencers with advantages, it also renders them particularly susceptible to online harassment and toxic critics. This paper investigates the characteristics, impact, and reactions to cyber victimisation among social media influencers. To accomplish this objective, the paper presents the findings of two studies: a self-reported online victimisation survey conducted among Spanish influencers and an online ethnography. The results indicate that over 70% of influencers have encountered some form of online harassment and toxic critics. Cyber victimisation, its effects, and reactions vary across socio-demographic characteristics and the influencers’ profiles. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis of the online ethnography reveals that harassed influencers can be classified as non-ideal victims. The implications of these findings for the literature are discussed.

The existence of works proving the possible relationship empirically that Airbnb lodgings could have with crime in Spain is not known. This research analyzes the relationship between Airbnb lodgings and crimes against the properties and people in Barcelona’s neighbourhoods. To achieve this, we use an ordinary least squares regression model and a geographically weighted regression model. The results show a significant and positive relationship between the higher density of Airbnb lodgings and the higher crime rates in the neighbourhoods, especially of patrimonial nature. Divided by type of leased space, the Airbnb homes, in which the guest shares a room with other guests, show a higher relationship with crimes against property and people. The results of the local model show a spatial heterogeneity in all variables used, indicating the need to address non-stationary spatial processes that reveal hidden patterns. However, the only variable that shows statistically significant local variability is the total Airbnb lodgings variable. Finally, we discussed some unexpected results, proposing some future lines of research.

Routine activities theory has been the most widely used framework to analyse the relationship between tourism and crime. But beyond crime opportunity, other ecological and structural factors may be present in this relationship. This article analyses whether high levels of tourist intensity are related to higher levels of urban crime in Barcelona (Spain) using the variables of social disorganization theory, that is, concentration of disadvantages, population turnover and ethnic-cultural heterogeneity. Under the hypothesis that the touristification of Barcelona neighbourhoods intensifies population turnover and enhances economical and ethnic-cultural heterogeneity in the area, it is expected that higher levels of tourism are related to higher rates of property and personal crime. To test this hypothesis and the mediating role of ecological variables, negative binomial fit models and simple mediation regression models are used. Findings suggest that higher levels of tourism are related to a higher volume of property and violent crimes in neighbourhoods and that this relationship is mediated by residential instability and national heterogeneity. However, mediation models suggest a negative relationship between tourism and crime when concentrated disadvantages are the mediator factor. The need to rethink the role of the socioeconomic variable in the relationship between crime and touristification is discussed.

The edge effect is a problem that can alter the results of some analyses, such as counting crime within a given geographic area. This article introduces a tool developed for ArcGIS toolbox, (ArcGIS Geographic Information System) to correct the border issues when using an aggregated crime data to artificially bounded space analytical units. It uses a method which considers those points located near the edge of the analysis unit, and avoids increasing the number of criminal points by assigning a value according to the distance of the edge. For this purpose, two functions based on decay with distance can be chosen: normal and linear. In order to show the performance of the tool, a sample of theft data occurred in 2016 in each census tract of Barcelona (Spain) district was used. These results show remarkable differences in the number of thefts in each census tract, before and after applying the edge correction. Some of the census tracts even went from experiencing no theft at all to having 5.5 or 4.5 incidents after correcting the edge effect. Finally, to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed tool, other strategies traditionally used as a solution for the edge effect were used. Then, the results are compared with those previously obtained.

En este trabajo se exponen las particularidades de la normativa sancionadora –penal y administrativa– existente en materia de prostitución en España, así como sus efectos en términos sociocriminológicos. Para ello se aborda en primer lugar un análisis de la normativa indicada, comprensivo de la evolución de los planteamientos políticos que promueven las diferentes decisiones legislativas. En segundo lugar, y en relación con el contexto social en que se insertan tales decisiones, se realiza una aproximación a la percepción social de la prostitución a través de fuentes secundarias. Por último, se muestran de forma sistematizada los resultados disponibles sobre los efectos sociales que se derivan de la aplicación de una normativa sancionadora que se caracteriza por proyectar una imagen de la prostitución como problema de seguridad pública y por intervenir sólo frente a las manifestaciones más precarizadas.

This research analyses the factors that could be involved in the insecurity perceived by the inhabitants of 69 neighbourhoods in Barcelona from the possible influence of the adjacent neighbourhoods. A set of variables are constructed from different sources to measure their influence on the insecurity perceived by residents. Ordinary least-squares regression models were replaced by others that consider the spatial dependence of the data. The results show that when controlling for the influence of adjacent neighbourhoods, ethnic heterogeneity, satisfaction with police services, social disorder, and socio-economic status are significantly related with the insecurity perceived in each neighbourhood. However, when spatial autocorrelation is corrected, crime density in the neighbourhood is not related to perceptions of insecurity, nor there is clear evidence that insecurity is affected by crime levels in adjacent neighbourhoods. El presente estudio analiza los factores que pudieran estar implicados en la percepción de inseguridad por parte de los habitantes de 69 barrios de Barcelona a partir de la posible influencia de los vecindarios colindantes. Se construyeron una serie de variables a partir de distintas fuentes con el objetivo de medir la influencia de estas en la inseguridad percibida por parte de los residentes. Los modelos de regresión de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios se han sustituido por otros que consideran la dependencia espacial de los datos. Los resultados muestran que cuando se controla la influencia de los barrios adyacentes la heterogeneidad étnica, la satisfacción con los servicios policiales, el desorden social y el estatus socioeconómico se relacionan significativamente con la inseguridad percibida en cada barrio. No obstante, cuando se corrige la autocorrelación espacial, la densidad delictiva en el barrio no está relacionada con la percepción de inseguridad y tampoco existe evidencia clara de que esta esté afectada por los niveles delictivos en los barrios adyacentes.