Diabetic foot complications are the most common occurring problems throughout the globe, resulting in devastating economic crises for the patients, families and society. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have a neuropathic origin with a progressive prevalence rate in developing countries compared with developed countries among diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetic patients that are of greatest risk of ulcers may easily be diagnosed with foot examination. Economic burden may be carefully examined. The budget costing must include both the clinical and social impact of the patients.

Evolution of resistance among insects to action of pesticides has led to the discovery of several insecticides (neonicotinoids and organophosphates) with new targets in insect nervous system. Present study evaluates the mode of inhibition of acetylchlonesterase (AChE), biochemical efficacy, and molecular docking of 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride, against Periplaneta americana and Sitophilus oryzae. The knockdown activity of 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride was associated with in vivo inhibition of AChE. At KD₉₉ dosage, the 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride showed more than 90% inhibition of AChE activity in test insects. A significant impairment in antioxidant system was observed, characterized by alteration in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities along with increase in reduced glutathione levels. Computational docking programs provided insights in to the possible interaction between 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride and AChE of P. americana. Our study reveals that 2,3-dimethylmaeic anhydride elicits toxicity in S. oryzae and P. americana primarily by AChE inhibition along with oxidative stress.

The origin of the COVID-19 pandemic is zoonotic. The circadian day-night is the rhythmic clue to organisms for their synchronized body functions. The "development for mankind" escalated the use of Artificial Light at Night (ALAN). In this article, we tried to focus on the possible influence of this anthropogenic factor in Human Corona Viruses (HCoVs) outbreak. The relationship between the occurrences of coronavirus and the ascending curve of the night-light has also been delivered. The ALAN influences the physiology and behavior of bat, a known nocturnal natural reservoir of many Coronaviridae. The "threatened" and "endangered" status of the majority of bat species is mainly because of the destruction of their proper habit and habitat predominantly through artificial illumination. The stress exerted by ALAN leads to the impaired body functions, especially, endocrine, immune, genomic integration, and overall rhythm features of different physiological variables and behaviors in nocturnal animals. Night-light disturbs "virus-host" synchronization and may lead to mutation in the genomic part of the virus and excessive virus shedding. We also proposed some future strategies to mitigate the repercussions of ALAN and for the protection of the living system in the earth as well.

Surveys were conducted in some citrus-growing parts of Manipur, Northeast India for recording the incidence of “Huanglongbing” (HLB) symptoms. The purpose of this study was to confirm the presence of HLB in citrus orchards in different geographical locations of Manipur and to correlate the disease incidence with variation in elevation of the region. The presence of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” was detected in ten regions in Manipur using PCR with species-specific primers for “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus.” A total of 128 (19.6%) of 653 samples were positive for “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus.” The incidence was found to be highest (30.0 to 45.7%) in the lower elevation (700–1200 m above sea level) and was found to be least (5.0 to 10.0%) in higher elevation (1200–1500 m above sea level). HLB was detected in citrus species, viz., Citrus maxima, Citrus jambhiri, Citrus macroptera, Citrus medica, and Citrus reticulata. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA amplicon fragment and their phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences clustered together with other “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” sequences from the rest of the world. Our results revealed the widespread occurrence of HLB in all economically important citrus species of Manipur as well as significant variation in the incidence of HLB across different elevations. The present scenario in Manipur calls for effective disease management strategies. Extension programs should be conducted to create awareness of HLB among the citrus growers to reduce the spread of HLB and preserve the citrus cultivation in this Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot region.