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Prof. Ruth Haug
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

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Journal article
Published: 11 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The purpose of this study was to assess women’s decision-making power in small-scale agriculture in six African countries in view of the feminization of agriculture and to discuss the meaning of decision-making in relation to women’s empowerment and sustainability. The data are drawn from a multisite and mixed-method agricultural research and development project in six sub-Saharan countries including two sites in each country. The five domains of empowerment outlined in the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index are used to structure the analysis. The results indicate that in the selected sites in Malawi, Rwanda and South Africa, women farmers tend to dominate agricultural decision-making, while the result is more mixed in the Kenyan sites, and decision-making tends to be dominated by men in the sites in Tanzania and Ethiopia. Despite women participating in agricultural decision-making, the qualitative results show that women small-scale farmers were not perceived to be empowered in any of the country sites. It appears that the feminization of agriculture leads to women playing a more important role in decision-making but also to more responsibilities and heavier workloads without necessarily resulting in improvements in well-being outcomes that would enhance sustainability.

ACS Style

Ruth Haug; Dismas L. Mwaseba; Donald Njarui; Mokhele Moeletsi; Mufunanji Magalasi; Mupenzi Mutimura; Feyisa Hundessa; Julie T. Aamodt. Feminization of African Agriculture and the Meaning of Decision-Making for Empowerment and Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8993 .

AMA Style

Ruth Haug, Dismas L. Mwaseba, Donald Njarui, Mokhele Moeletsi, Mufunanji Magalasi, Mupenzi Mutimura, Feyisa Hundessa, Julie T. Aamodt. Feminization of African Agriculture and the Meaning of Decision-Making for Empowerment and Sustainability. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruth Haug; Dismas L. Mwaseba; Donald Njarui; Mokhele Moeletsi; Mufunanji Magalasi; Mupenzi Mutimura; Feyisa Hundessa; Julie T. Aamodt. 2021. "Feminization of African Agriculture and the Meaning of Decision-Making for Empowerment and Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8993.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in World
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The problem addressed in this paper is the challenge of moving from formulating policy goals to achieving the promised results. The purpose is to assess the possible role of innovation in agriculture as a way of contributing towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments and the zero hunger Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) in six African countries. Since the SDGs are high on both international and many national agendas, there is a need to increase our knowledge of how to move beyond formulating goals. The approach includes both quantitative and qualitative data from a multisite research and development project. Moving from promises in relation to policy goals such as SDG2 and the Malabo Declaration to actions that make a difference at local level is a challenging task, and COVID-19 has added negatively to that challenge. Technological and institutional innovations exist that have the potential to improve the agricultural productivity, food security, and income levels of smallholder men and women farmers. However, innovation processes are hindered by barriers related to governmental, economic, knowledge-based, socio-cultural, and resource-based factors. To overcome these barriers, governance needs to go further than defining goals, and proceed to the next step of establishing effective implementation mechanisms that ensure the promised result.

ACS Style

Ruth Haug; Susan Nchimbi-Msolla; Alice Murage; Mokhele Moeletsi; Mufunanji Magalasi; Mupenzi Mutimura; Feyisa Hundessa; Luca Cacchiarelli; Ola Westengen. From Policy Promises to Result through Innovation in African Agriculture? World 2021, 2, 253 -266.

AMA Style

Ruth Haug, Susan Nchimbi-Msolla, Alice Murage, Mokhele Moeletsi, Mufunanji Magalasi, Mupenzi Mutimura, Feyisa Hundessa, Luca Cacchiarelli, Ola Westengen. From Policy Promises to Result through Innovation in African Agriculture? World. 2021; 2 (2):253-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruth Haug; Susan Nchimbi-Msolla; Alice Murage; Mokhele Moeletsi; Mufunanji Magalasi; Mupenzi Mutimura; Feyisa Hundessa; Luca Cacchiarelli; Ola Westengen. 2021. "From Policy Promises to Result through Innovation in African Agriculture?" World 2, no. 2: 253-266.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Agronomy
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Seed security is central to crop production for smallholder farmers in developing countries, but it remains understudied in relation to long-term seed sector development. Here, we compare seed systems in two districts of Central Ethiopia characterized by subsistence-oriented teff cultivation and commercially oriented wheat production and relate this to the country’s pluralistic seed system development strategy (PSSDS). Our analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative information from a household survey and focus group discussions with farmers, as well as document review and key informant interviews with actors that make up the seed sector in the study sites. Farmers in both districts used a range of seed sources but primarily obtained their seeds from informal sources. Evidence of seed insecurity was found in both districts, as apparent from discrepancies between what the seed farmers say they prefer and those they actually use, limited availability of improved varieties and especially certified seeds of these, challenges with seed quality from some sources, and differentiated access to preferred seed and information according to sex, age and wealth. We find that the interventions prioritized in the PSSDS address most of the seed security challenges and seed system dysfunctions identified, but implementation lags, particularly for the informal seed system, which is largely neglected by government programs. The intermediate system shows promise, but while some improvements have been made in the formal system, vested political, organizational, and economic interests within key institutions represent major obstacles that must be overcome to achieve truly integrative and inclusive seed sector development.

ACS Style

Teshome Mulesa; Sarah Dalle; Clifton Makate; Ruth Haug; Ola Westengen. Pluralistic Seed System Development: A Path to Seed Security? Agronomy 2021, 11, 372 .

AMA Style

Teshome Mulesa, Sarah Dalle, Clifton Makate, Ruth Haug, Ola Westengen. Pluralistic Seed System Development: A Path to Seed Security? Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teshome Mulesa; Sarah Dalle; Clifton Makate; Ruth Haug; Ola Westengen. 2021. "Pluralistic Seed System Development: A Path to Seed Security?" Agronomy 11, no. 2: 372.

Chapter
Published: 18 March 2020 in Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa
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The purpose of this paper is to assess lessons learned from past and present policies and actions related to creating a conducive environment for a sustainable food system transformation in Malawi. We take a food system approach because it provides the opportunity for a holistic and integrated analysis of the drivers and constraints that influence the Malawian food system such as climate change and high levels of food insecurity and rural poverty. Lessons learned include the importance of national ownership and recognition of what is politically feasible and institutionally implementable in efforts towards a more sustainable food system. Finding solutions to food and climate uncertainties lies in the interface between policy and action and requires small-scale farmers’ creativity and ability to adjust to change, without transferring the responsibility of climate adaptation to small-scale farmers with limited adaptation capacity. An integrated approach to food and climate uncertainties will call for socioeconomic and technological innovations that mutually strengthen each other whilst ensuring that the technology works for small-scale men and women farmers in accordance with the intentions set out in the sustainable development goals.

ACS Style

Ruth Haug; Ola T. Westengen. Policy and Action for Food and Climate Uncertainties in Malawi. Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa 2020, 331 -345.

AMA Style

Ruth Haug, Ola T. Westengen. Policy and Action for Food and Climate Uncertainties in Malawi. Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa. 2020; ():331-345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruth Haug; Ola T. Westengen. 2020. "Policy and Action for Food and Climate Uncertainties in Malawi." Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa , no. : 331-345.

Book chapter
Published: 23 November 2016 in Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture
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The relationships of frame conditions to the sustainable transformation of agriculture and the adoption of new technologies are discussed in this paper. Emphasis is given to identifying the place for a successful agricultural extension in this regard. Persistent rural poverty, chronic undernourishment, low agricultural productivity, and uncertainties surrounding the future impacts of climate change on food production are the challenges faced by the Tanzanian government. The objective of this research is to assess why different political actions and technological innovations have only had limited impacts on the planned transformation of Tanzanian agriculture. The main finding in relation to achieving the overall aim of the sustainable transformation of Tanzanian agriculture is the need to involve farmers and their organizations in policy formulation and implementation. As well, trust needs to be restored in public institutions and the many, changing initiatives put in place by the government and donors since independence. Predictability in relation to stable, conducive frame conditions and risk-cutting measures are important factors in both female and male farmers’ willingness to adopt new technologies. These factors also affect the ability of extension services to contribute to sustainable transformation by providing advice relevant to various local conditions and the impacts of climate change.

ACS Style

Ruth Haug. From Ujamaa to Big Results Now: Sustainable Transformation of Tanzanian Agriculture in the Frame of Climate Change. Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture 2016, 467 -482.

AMA Style

Ruth Haug. From Ujamaa to Big Results Now: Sustainable Transformation of Tanzanian Agriculture in the Frame of Climate Change. Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture. 2016; ():467-482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruth Haug. 2016. "From Ujamaa to Big Results Now: Sustainable Transformation of Tanzanian Agriculture in the Frame of Climate Change." Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture , no. : 467-482.

Articles
Published: 02 April 2016 in Development in Practice
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This article aims to assess why technology such as improved crop varieties has not taken off in Tanzania in spite of substantial efforts, and to consider what role policy plays in that regard. Few farmers use improved varieties due to reasons such as affordability in relation to the low profitability of farming; high risk, including fake seed in the market; and unpredictable policies and marketing opportunities. Effective governance is needed for agriculture to be transformed in the direction stated in national policy documents, but weak institutions and the collective interests of farmers not being sufficiently recognised hinder the likelihood of necessary technological changes happening.

ACS Style

Ruth Haug; Joseph P. Hella; Susan Nchimbi-Msolla; Dismas L. Mwaseba; Gry Synnevag. If technology is the answer, what does it take? Development in Practice 2016, 26, 375 -386.

AMA Style

Ruth Haug, Joseph P. Hella, Susan Nchimbi-Msolla, Dismas L. Mwaseba, Gry Synnevag. If technology is the answer, what does it take? Development in Practice. 2016; 26 (3):375-386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruth Haug; Joseph P. Hella; Susan Nchimbi-Msolla; Dismas L. Mwaseba; Gry Synnevag. 2016. "If technology is the answer, what does it take?" Development in Practice 26, no. 3: 375-386.