This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Seed security is central to crop production for smallholder farmers in developing countries, but it remains understudied in relation to long-term seed sector development. Here, we compare seed systems in two districts of Central Ethiopia characterized by subsistence-oriented teff cultivation and commercially oriented wheat production and relate this to the country’s pluralistic seed system development strategy (PSSDS). Our analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative information from a household survey and focus group discussions with farmers, as well as document review and key informant interviews with actors that make up the seed sector in the study sites. Farmers in both districts used a range of seed sources but primarily obtained their seeds from informal sources. Evidence of seed insecurity was found in both districts, as apparent from discrepancies between what the seed farmers say they prefer and those they actually use, limited availability of improved varieties and especially certified seeds of these, challenges with seed quality from some sources, and differentiated access to preferred seed and information according to sex, age and wealth. We find that the interventions prioritized in the PSSDS address most of the seed security challenges and seed system dysfunctions identified, but implementation lags, particularly for the informal seed system, which is largely neglected by government programs. The intermediate system shows promise, but while some improvements have been made in the formal system, vested political, organizational, and economic interests within key institutions represent major obstacles that must be overcome to achieve truly integrative and inclusive seed sector development.
Teshome Mulesa; Sarah Dalle; Clifton Makate; Ruth Haug; Ola Westengen. Pluralistic Seed System Development: A Path to Seed Security? Agronomy 2021, 11, 372 .
AMA StyleTeshome Mulesa, Sarah Dalle, Clifton Makate, Ruth Haug, Ola Westengen. Pluralistic Seed System Development: A Path to Seed Security? Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeshome Mulesa; Sarah Dalle; Clifton Makate; Ruth Haug; Ola Westengen. 2021. "Pluralistic Seed System Development: A Path to Seed Security?" Agronomy 11, no. 2: 372.
Issues of equity are not inherent within the design of climate change adaptation programs in Africa. However, uptake of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) by smallholder farmers is inevitably shaped by existing socioeconomic inequalities in society. This chapter critically evaluates wealth-related inequalities in access and use of crucial CSA inputs (technologies, infrastructure, and institutional services) in Ethiopia and Malawi. The chapter relies on recent cross-sectional survey data gathered from 1268 smallholder farmers in Ethiopia and Malawi in 2018. Wealth-related inequalities in access to technologies, infrastructure, complementary inputs, and institutional services are evaluated using the standard concentration index. Study upshots reveal mainly pro-rich inequalities in the adoption of CSA technologies (e.g., minimum tillage, planting pits, and improved maize varieties), access to complementary inputs (e.g., fertilizer), infrastructure (e.g., use of improved granary), and access to institutional services (e.g., extension and local institutions). Heterogeneity in asset wealth, farm household characteristics, and sociopolitical factors chiefly explain observed inequalities. Results call for the design and implementation of policies that deliberately focus on the poor to reduce inequalities in access and use of beneficial CSA inputs in Malawi and Ethiopia. For instance, supporting farmers’ access to CSA technologies, complementary inputs, and improving extension provision will bear desirable fruits. Also, economic empowerment policies that enhance not only food security but incomes and asset buildup of households are recommended to reduce wealth-related inequalities in society.
Clifton Makate; Munyaradzi Mutenje; Mengistu Ketema. Inequalities in Access to Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies, Infrastructure, and Institutional Services in Africa: Evidence from Malawi and Ethiopia. Handbook of Climate Change Management 2020, 1 -29.
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Munyaradzi Mutenje, Mengistu Ketema. Inequalities in Access to Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies, Infrastructure, and Institutional Services in Africa: Evidence from Malawi and Ethiopia. Handbook of Climate Change Management. 2020; ():1-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Munyaradzi Mutenje; Mengistu Ketema. 2020. "Inequalities in Access to Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies, Infrastructure, and Institutional Services in Africa: Evidence from Malawi and Ethiopia." Handbook of Climate Change Management , no. : 1-29.
This study concerns the potential impact of the adoption of soil and water conservation technologies on household food security. Our analysis is based on a sample of 312 households in the Chinyanja Triangle using questionnaires. We use Propensity Score Matching to estimate treatment effects of adoption. Results show that the adoption of conservation technologies has significant impact on cereal consumption. The Average Treatment effect on the Treated, based on three matching algorithms, ranges from 222.18 to 320.95 kgs of cereal consumed per year. The results imply that efforts to improve the adoption of these technologies could contribute to food security.
Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Impact of the adoption of conservation practices on cereal consumption in a maize-based farming system in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Sustainable Futures 2020, 2, 100014 .
AMA StyleNelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Impact of the adoption of conservation practices on cereal consumption in a maize-based farming system in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Sustainable Futures. 2020; 2 ():100014.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2020. "Impact of the adoption of conservation practices on cereal consumption in a maize-based farming system in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." Sustainable Futures 2, no. : 100014.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to discuss how enhancing the role of local institutions (LI) and incorporating indigenous knowledge (IK) in climate change adaptation planning can improve adoption and scaling success of climate-smart agriculture innovations. Design/methodology/approach A review of relevant literature from sub-Saharan Africa was used to answer the study research questions. Findings Embracing IK and LI in climate change adaptation projects can enhance adoption and scaling success of climate-smart agriculture innovations in smallholder farming. Such efforts will improve: information gathering and dissemination, mobilization of resources, establishment of useful networks with relevant stakeholders, capacity building farmers on various fronts and provision of leadership in climate adaptation programs. Practical implications Fully embracing IK and LI can improve the scaling of climate-smart innovations only if development partners recognize IK systems that are to be transformed and build on them instead of trying to replace them. Also, participatory approaches in scaling innovations will enhance input from rural people in climate change adaptation programs. Originality/value Development interventions aimed at taking proven effective climate-smart innovations to scale must, therefore, engage local communities and their indigenous institutions as active stakeholders in designing, planning and implementation of their climate adaptation programs.
Clifton Makate. Local institutions and indigenous knowledge in adoption and scaling of climate-smart agricultural innovations among sub-Saharan smallholder farmers. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2019, 12, 270 -287.
AMA StyleClifton Makate. Local institutions and indigenous knowledge in adoption and scaling of climate-smart agricultural innovations among sub-Saharan smallholder farmers. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2019; 12 (2):270-287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate. 2019. "Local institutions and indigenous knowledge in adoption and scaling of climate-smart agricultural innovations among sub-Saharan smallholder farmers." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 2: 270-287.
Institutional credit and extension services are critical inputs that can reduce scaling challenges in agricultural development interventions if accessed by farmers. Using household level survey data from Zimbabwe and Malawi, this article seeks to contribute to the existing literature by examining impacts of separate and joint access to credit and extension services on climate-smart agricultural (CSA) technologies adoption. Using inverse-probability weighting regression adjustment and propensity score matching this study found out that access to either extension or credit significantly progresses CSA technology adoption. However, access to extension services only proved to be more effective in enhancing CSA technology adoption than access to credit alone. More importantly, results show enhanced collective impact of simultaneous access to credit and extension on CSA technology adoption. Further, joint impacts of credit and extension on adoption were found to be less pronounced in youthful and women farmer groups compared to their old and male farmer group counterparts respectively. Results call for prudent policy and institutional strategies in improving access to credit and extension services in Malawian and Zimbabwean smallholder farming that are mindful of disadvantaged groups such as youth and women farmer groups in order to improve adoption and upscaling of CSA technologies. Possible options include; improving number of extension workers at village level, increasing youth and women extension agent numbers, capacity building of extension personnel and institutions, and increasing financial support to national extension programs.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Munyaradzi Mutenje; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa. Environmental Development 2019, 32, 100458 .
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Munyaradzi Mutenje, Nelson Mango, Shephard Siziba. Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa. Environmental Development. 2019; 32 ():100458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Munyaradzi Mutenje; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. 2019. "Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa." Environmental Development 32, no. : 100458.
This paper concerns Drought-Tolerant Maize (DTM) and Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices that were introduced into smallholder maize-based farming systems in Zimbabwe to enhance the productivity of maize and food security under a changing climate. Although these technologies are technically appropriate, there are difficulties with their use by smallholder farmers of relatively low socio-economic status, as measured through ownership of farm or household assets and endowments. Thus, we sought to quantify and explain wealth-related inequalities in the adoption of DTM and CA in smallholder farming communities and discuss their implications for food security. The analysis used cross-sectional household-level data gathered from 601 smallholder farmers from four districts in Zimbabwe. We found evidence of a pro-rich distribution of inequalities in the adoption of DTM and CA that were mostly explained by differences in household wealth, access to agricultural extension services and size of farm land. No meaningful differences in DTM adoption disparities were found across districts. Significant gender differences were observed for CA, and meaningful differences by district were noted. Results suggest the need for decision makers to consider implementing policies that focus on the poorer segments of the farming society to alleviate differences in the adoption of such agricultural technologies. For example, subsidizing the uptake of improved maize varieties including DTM and prioritizing equitable land distribution, coupled with specialised extension services for the poor in a cereal-based CA farming system, could reduce the observed gap between rich and poor in the uptake of these innovations and consequently improve food security.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Wealth-related inequalities in adoption of drought-tolerant maize and conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe. Food Security 2019, 11, 881 -896.
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Wealth-related inequalities in adoption of drought-tolerant maize and conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe. Food Security. 2019; 11 (4):881-896.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2019. "Wealth-related inequalities in adoption of drought-tolerant maize and conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe." Food Security 11, no. 4: 881-896.
Access to land and other natural resources are key means of driving rural people out of abject poverty. Inequalities in access to land and supportive services that ensure full utilization of land are therefore hurting in rural societies. This article enumerates and explain wealth-related imbalances in land size holding and utilization in Zimbabwe’s smallholder farming sector. It relies on cross-sectional household level data collected from 601 smallholder farming households randomly sampled from four districts. Disparities in land size holding and utilization are measured using the Erreygers corrected concentration index. A decomposition exploration is performed to determine the contributing factors to enumerated inequalities in land size holding and utilization. Results reveal a pro-poor distribution of inequalities in low and very low arable land size holding and also in low land utilization. Conversely, a pro-rich distribution of inequalities is observed in high land size holding and high land utilization. Wealth-related inequalities are evident in both men and women farmer groups, youth and non-youth farmer groups and in different geographic regions. A decomposition analysis show that observed inequalities in both land size holding and utilization are hugely explained by asset wealth. Other factors including access to extension, age of farmer, fulltime-farming status and geographic location were also found to minimally explain measured inequalities. In conclusion, low land size holding and low land utilization are phenomenon highly concentrated within the poorest segments of society in Zimbabwe whilst high land size holding and utilization are found within the more affluent population. Asset holding chiefly explain the disparities. Results suggest the need for decision makers in land allocation, distribution, re-distribution, and agrarian transformation in general, to deliberately concentrate on the most vulnerable and poorer segments of society. Such will have far reaching implications for rural transformation and development.
Clifton Makate; Nelson Mango; Marshall Makate. Socioeconomic status connected imbalances in arable land size holding and utilization in smallholder farming in Zimbabwe: Implications for a sustainable rural development. Land Use Policy 2019, 87, 104027 .
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Nelson Mango, Marshall Makate. Socioeconomic status connected imbalances in arable land size holding and utilization in smallholder farming in Zimbabwe: Implications for a sustainable rural development. Land Use Policy. 2019; 87 ():104027.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Nelson Mango; Marshall Makate. 2019. "Socioeconomic status connected imbalances in arable land size holding and utilization in smallholder farming in Zimbabwe: Implications for a sustainable rural development." Land Use Policy 87, no. : 104027.
Climate variability and change is a major source of risk to smallholder farmers in Africa. Climate related risks are linked to low productivity, food insecurity and poverty. However, the research and development community is widely promoting Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) to transform livelihoods under a changing environment. To date, adoption of CSA practices is low across Africa despite their demonstrated effectiveness. The low adoption challenge calls for prudent policy and institutional efforts in finding ways to effectively take CSA practices to scale. CSA scaling (upgrading) is the expansion of the adoption of the proven and beneficial CSA practices and/or technologies. This article is guided by the Institutional Analysis and Development framework to review current literature and weigh possible approaches/strategies, policy actions and institutional needs that can promote the upscaling of CSA technologies among smallholder farming communities. Various methodologies, policy actions, institutional strategy focal issues and possible determinants of scaling success are discussed. The article concludes that scaling of CSA practices, and technologies is not autonomous, there is need for facilitation in terms of conducive policy and institutional actions. Policy strategies are important as they clearly define the rules of the game that will ultimately establish responsibilities in the scaling process by stakeholders. Effective and complementary institutional actions towards scaling can minimize farmer challenges, reduce adoption constraints, and improve sustainability in scaling processes, which can ultimately improve impacts of CSA practices and technologies to society.
Clifton Makate. Effective scaling of climate smart agriculture innovations in African smallholder agriculture: A review of approaches, policy and institutional strategy needs. Environmental Science & Policy 2019, 96, 37 -51.
AMA StyleClifton Makate. Effective scaling of climate smart agriculture innovations in African smallholder agriculture: A review of approaches, policy and institutional strategy needs. Environmental Science & Policy. 2019; 96 ():37-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate. 2019. "Effective scaling of climate smart agriculture innovations in African smallholder agriculture: A review of approaches, policy and institutional strategy needs." Environmental Science & Policy 96, no. : 37-51.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Shephard Siziba; Zvakanyorwa Sadomba. The impact of innovation on the performance of small-to-medium informal metal-trade enterprises in Zimbabwe. Cogent Business & Management 2019, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Shephard Siziba, Zvakanyorwa Sadomba. The impact of innovation on the performance of small-to-medium informal metal-trade enterprises in Zimbabwe. Cogent Business & Management. 2019; 6 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Shephard Siziba; Zvakanyorwa Sadomba. 2019. "The impact of innovation on the performance of small-to-medium informal metal-trade enterprises in Zimbabwe." Cogent Business & Management 6, no. 1: 1.
Land rental markets are critical in developing economies as they contribute to efficiency, equity and welfare gains to farmers involved under conditions of low transaction costs. Despite lack of policy consistency in Zimbabwe, A1 and A2 farmers have been involved in these land rental markets, albeit in an informal manner. This study sought to establish the determinants of farmers’ decision to take part in these informal markets. A survey was carried out in Mashonaland East province with a sample of 339 households selected through multi-stage sampling methods and data analysed using a bi-variate Tobit model. Results showed that combined together, the proportion of farmers involved in informal land rental markets are as much as those not participating. Determinants of renting-in were identified as gender, household income, permanent labour, cultivated area, tenure certainty, irrigable land size and crop diversification. Factors affecting renting-out decisions were age, permanent labour, irrigable land size and crop diversification and these results are not in any way different from findings from previous studies. The conclusion was that household characteristics and land endowments factors were strong in decisions to rent-in land while land endowments factors were dominant in decisions to rent-out land. Any future considerations for formalising land rental markets should consider these important factors having a bearing on land rental decisions.
Simbarashe Tatsvarei; Abbyssinia Mushunje; Saul Ngarava; Clifton Makate. Determinants of Informal Land Renting Decisions by A1 and A2 Farmers in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 2018, 10, 70 -78.
AMA StyleSimbarashe Tatsvarei, Abbyssinia Mushunje, Saul Ngarava, Clifton Makate. Determinants of Informal Land Renting Decisions by A1 and A2 Farmers in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. 2018; 10 (6):70-78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimbarashe Tatsvarei; Abbyssinia Mushunje; Saul Ngarava; Clifton Makate. 2018. "Determinants of Informal Land Renting Decisions by A1 and A2 Farmers in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6: 70-78.
Conservation agriculture, drought tolerant maize, and improved legume varieties are key climate change management strategies for smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Their complementary efforts in adaptation to climate change are sternly important for farm productivity and income. This study evaluates factors explaining individual and multiple adoption of climate change management strategies and their differential impacts on productivity and income using a sample of 1172 smallholder farmers from Malawi and Zimbabwe. The study employs multinomial logistic regression to evaluate factors of individual and multiple adoption and regression adjustment with inverse probability weighting to evaluate impacts of the different adoption regimes on farm productivity and income. The results show that multiple adoption of innovations is mostly explained by access to key resources (credit, income and information), level of education and size of land owned by the farmer. More so, the concurrent adoption of conservation agriculture, stress adapted legume varieties and drought tolerant maize has far greater dividends on productivity and income than when considered individually. However, impacts of multiple adoption of the practices are not entirely uniform across different geographic regions and gender. Results suggest that effective institutional and policy efforts targeted towards reducing resource constraints that inhibit farmers' capacity to adopt complementary climate-smart agriculture packages such as conservation agriculture, drought tolerant maize and improved legume varieties must be gender sensitive and context specific.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 231, 858 -868.
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango, Shephard Siziba. Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 231 ():858-868.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. 2018. "Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa." Journal of Environmental Management 231, no. : 858-868.
The study investigates whether access to agricultural extension services enhances the well-known positive impact of adopting Drought Tolerant Maize (DTM) technology on livelihood outcomes; maize yield, output per capita, consumption and sales using a representative dataset of smallholder farming households from Zimbabwe. The empirical analysis adopts an instrumental variable regression model that incorporates an endogenous interaction term to capture the intermediary role of institutional extension services. Results reveal that access to agricultural extension services enhances the relationship between DTM adoption and maize yield, output per capita, and consumption but appears to weaken the association between DTM adoption and the amount of maize set aside for sale. In exploring the potential reasons why access to institutional extension services might enhance the DTM adoption-livelihood outcomes relationship, the results suggest mechanisms related to the use of basal fertilizers, use of organic manure, access to agricultural credit, use of certified DTM seed, access to general production and marketing information, weeding frequency and disease control which are more likely to be influenced by access to agricultural extension services. The findings suggest that policies targeted at improving DTM adoption as a climate-smart agricultural technology to improve resilience of smallholder maize farming households to climate variability and change must be complemented by revitalized agriculture extension services. Revitalization of extension services may come through capacity building of extension institutions, and their personnel, improving agricultural extension infrastructure, mobility of extension personnel, and increased financing to such institutions.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate. Interceding role of institutional extension services on the livelihood impacts of drought tolerant maize technology adoption in Zimbabwe. Technology in Society 2018, 56, 126 -133.
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate. Interceding role of institutional extension services on the livelihood impacts of drought tolerant maize technology adoption in Zimbabwe. Technology in Society. 2018; 56 ():126-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate. 2018. "Interceding role of institutional extension services on the livelihood impacts of drought tolerant maize technology adoption in Zimbabwe." Technology in Society 56, no. : 126-133.
Enhancing adoption rates of climate-smart agriculture practices and their impact on livelihoods requires promotional persistence, complemented by a thorough socioeconomic analysis that recognizes the heterogeneity of smallholder farmers. Farm typologies are a useful tool to assist in understanding and unpacking the wide diversity amongst smallholder farmers to improve both up- and out-scaling of climate-smart agriculture practices. Our study typifies farm households in southern Africa based on socioeconomic factors prompting adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices. We use a combination of principal component analysis for necessary data reduction and cluster analysis to identify typical farm households and their socioeconomic characteristics. It is evident from our results that various socioeconomic factors define clusters and can be associated with adoption and use of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder farming. We conclude that farm typology identification is an important step towards the promotion of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder agriculture. These typologies provide essential ammunition to support efforts and policies aimed at improving adoption by recognizing heterogeneities in the targeted populations. In addition, we conclude that the multivariate analysis provides useful tools suitable for identifying the important socioeconomic characteristics of households influential in determining adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Farm household typology and adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder farming systems of southern Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 2018, 10, 421 -439.
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Farm household typology and adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder farming systems of southern Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 2018; 10 (4):421-439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2018. "Farm household typology and adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder farming systems of southern Africa." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 10, no. 4: 421-439.
Purpose The role of increased schooling on teenage childbirth has been expansively studied especially in developed countries. However, caveats remain in the case of low-income countries especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the impact of increased schooling on the probability of first childbirth at 15 years or younger, 16-17, 18-19, and 20 years or older, in the important context of Uganda – a country with one of the highest adolescent fertility rates in Africa. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis uses recent data from the nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey for Uganda conducted in 2011. The authors then adopt a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, estimated using instrumental variables techniques that exploit the exogenous change in schooling impelled by the universal primary education policy enacted in 1997 in Uganda. The empirical approach compares the fertility outcomes for women born in 1984-1992 (i.e. exposed to the policy) to those born in 1973-1981 (i.e. non-exposed). Findings The authors find that a one-year increase in schooling lowers the probability of first childbirth at age the age of 15 years or younger, 16-17, 18-19, and 20 years or older by nearly 8.2, 9.2, 9.4, and 9.5 percentage points, respectively. Also, pathways through which education impacts teenage motherhood included information access through the media, increased literacy, prenatal care utilization, marital status, and unhealthy sexual behavior. Originality/value The paper uses nationally representative survey data to scrutinize the causal influence of schooling on the probability of first childbirth using the 1997 universal primary education in Uganda as a natural experiment to identify the impact of schooling. The study recommends that expanding primary schooling opportunities for girls may be an effective strategy toward accelerated reductions in teenage fertility in Uganda.
Marshall Makate; Clifton Makate. Education and teenage childbirth in Uganda. International Journal of Social Economics 2018, 45, 746 -764.
AMA StyleMarshall Makate, Clifton Makate. Education and teenage childbirth in Uganda. International Journal of Social Economics. 2018; 45 (5):746-764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarshall Makate; Clifton Makate. 2018. "Education and teenage childbirth in Uganda." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 5: 746-764.
This paper investigates the factors that are associated with market participation and choice of marketing channels by smallholder groundnut farmers in a semi-arid district of Zimbabwe. It contributes to the existing body of knowledge on groundnuts, especially the marketing aspect. Data was derived from a literature review and a cross-sectional household baseline survey. We applied simple logistic regression framework to determine the factors associated with market participation and choice of marketing channel. Our study findings show that land size, access to transport information, distance to the nearest town, age and education of the household head are among the important factors influencing the decision to participate or not to participate in selling of groundnuts. Choice of a particular marketing channel is influenced by distance to the nearest town, education level of the farmer, access to remittances, and market information. In conclusion. these findings suggest that an adjustment in each of these significant variables can influence the probability of market participation and an informed choice of marketing channels. In terms of policy, this implies that technological changes, infrastructural improvements, agricultural institutional developments, and capacity building of smallholder farmers can help to improve farmers’ market participation and informed market channel choice.
Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Nicola Francesconi; Matthias Jäger; Mark Lundy. Determinants of market participation and marketing channels in smallholder groundnut farming: A case of Mudzi district, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 2018, 10, 311 -321.
AMA StyleNelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Nicola Francesconi, Matthias Jäger, Mark Lundy. Determinants of market participation and marketing channels in smallholder groundnut farming: A case of Mudzi district, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 2018; 10 (3):311-321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Nicola Francesconi; Matthias Jäger; Mark Lundy. 2018. "Determinants of market participation and marketing channels in smallholder groundnut farming: A case of Mudzi district, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 10, no. 3: 311-321.
This article is concerned with the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on household income in the Chinyanja Triangle. Chinyanja Triangle is a region that is increasingly experiencing mid-season dry spells and an increase in occurrence of drought, which is attributed largely to climate variability and change. This poses high agricultural production risks, which aggravate poverty and food insecurity. For this region, adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice is very important. Through a binary logistic and ordinary least squares regression, this article determines factors that influence the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on income among smallholder farmers. The results show that off-farm employment, access to irrigation equipment, access to reliable water sources and awareness of water conservation practices, such as rainwater harvesting, have a significant influence on the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming. On the other hand, the farmer’s age, distance travelled to the nearest market and nature of employment negatively influence the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming decisions. Ordinary least squares regression results showed that the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice has a significant positive influence on agricultural income. We therefore conclude that to empower smallholder farmers to respond quickly to climate variability and change, practices that will enhance the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming in the Chinyanja Triangle are critical, as this will significantly affect agricultural income. In terms of policy, we recommend that the governments of Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, which cover the Chinyanja Triangle, formulate policies that will enhance the adoption of sustainable small scale-irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice. This will go a long way in mitigating the adverse effects that accompany climate variability and change in the region.
Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Land 2018, 7, 49 .
AMA StyleNelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Land. 2018; 7 (2):49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2018. "Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." Land 7, no. 2: 49.
This paper concerns the role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. In this country, the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming and rain-fed food production systems that are facing increasing challenges from land degradation and declining soil fertility. Maize is the staple food crop, and as such, the majority of farmers grow it regardless of land suitability. This has led to what scientists have labeled as “maize poverty trap.” In the event of prolonged drought, maize fails thus leaving farmers food insecure. However, research in Sub-Saharan Africa has shown that crop diversification provides smallholder farmers with a diversity of diet, improves their income, and nutrition security. Due to increased cases of malnutrition and food insecurity, in the wake of climate change, government of Malawi has in the past few years intensified extension efforts for crop diversification. The study is based on a sample of 271 randomly selected smallholder farming households from central Malawi. It investigates the influence of crop diversification and other household socioeconomic characteristics on the household Food Consumption Score and Household Food Insecurity Access Score. In our analysis, we rely heavily on a combination of ordinary least squares techniques and some descriptive statistics. Our results show that crop diversification, cattle ownership, access to credit and attaining of education have a positive and significant effect on the household Food Consumption Score. Precisely, crop diversification, cattle ownership and access to credit are all significant at 5% level, while education is significant at 10%. In addition, crop diversification and attaining of formal education by household head were found to have a negative and significant effect on Household Food Insecurity Access Score and were all significant at 1% level. Based on our study findings, we conclude that crop diversification is one viable option in smallholder farming that can ensure establishment of resilient agricultural systems that can contribute significantly to household food security. In terms of policy, the results imply that the current efforts by government of Malawi to intensify promotion of crop diversification should remain a priority policy direction due to the continued malnutrition and food insecurity threat. This is particularly so in this era of climate variability that poses an extra burden to farmers.
Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lawrence Mapemba; Mathinda Sopo. The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security 2018, 7, 7 .
AMA StyleNelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lawrence Mapemba, Mathinda Sopo. The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security. 2018; 7 (1):7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lawrence Mapemba; Mathinda Sopo. 2018. "The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi." Agriculture & Food Security 7, no. 1: 7.
This article concerns the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on household income in the Chinyanja Triangle. Chinyanja Triangle is a region that experiences mid-season dry spells and an increase in occurrences of drought due to low and erratic rainfall patterns which is attributed largely to climate variability and change. This poses high agricultural production risks, which aggravate poverty and food insecurity. For this region, adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice is very important. Through a binary logistic and ordinary least squares regression, the article determines factors that influence the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on income among smallholder farmers. The results show that off-farm employment, access to irrigation equipment, access to reliable water sources and awareness of water conservation practices, such as rainwater harvesting have a significant influence on the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming. On the other hand, the farmer’s age, distance travelled to the nearest market and nature of employment negatively influenced the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming decisions. Ordinary least squares regression results showed that the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice has a significant positive influence on agricultural income. We therefore conclude that to empower smallholder farmers to quickly respond to climate variability and change, practices that will enhance adoption of small-scale irrigation farming in the Chinyanja Triangle are critical as this will significantly impact on agricultural income.
Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleNelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2018. "Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." , no. : 1.
Purpose Improving the adoption rates of proven innovative practices in bean farming and their impacts on livelihoods requires persistent promotion of practices, complemented by rigorous socioeconomic analysis that recognises the diversity of smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to typify farm households in Angonia district of Mozambique, based on their socioeconomic characteristics prompting the adoption of proven innovative practices in bean production, management, and marketing. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a multivariate statistical analysis approach that combines principal component analysis, and cluster analysis to clearly identify five distinctive farm household types with respect to the adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming using socio-economic factors. Findings The study findings show that various socioeconomic factors define clusters and can be associated with the adoption and use of innovative practices in smallholder bean farming. The five farm types identified are: female landowners with small farm sizes (29.52 per cent); educated farmers with access to credit (6.63 per cent); relatively rich male land owners with large farm sizes and low education (8.73 per cent); youthful, inexperienced and poor male farmers (6.33 per cent); and experienced female farmers with high labour endowments (8.43 per cent). The respective farm types seemed to have different patterns in the adoption of proven innovative practices in bean farming. Originality/value The authors recommend that policy makers promote strategies meant to raise adoption of innovative practices in bean production, management and marketing in Mozambique that takes into account household diversity. The farm types identified by this study can be a good starting point for guiding such future efforts.
Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique. International Journal of Social Economics 2018, 45, 140 -157.
AMA StyleClifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique. International Journal of Social Economics. 2018; 45 (1):140-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2018. "Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1: 140-157.
Nelson Mango; Lawrence Mapemba; Hardwick Tchale; Clifton Makate; Nothando Dunjana; Mark Lundy. Maize value chain analysis: A case of smallholder maize production and marketing in selected areas of Malawi and Mozambique. Cogent Business & Management 2018, 5, 1 .
AMA StyleNelson Mango, Lawrence Mapemba, Hardwick Tchale, Clifton Makate, Nothando Dunjana, Mark Lundy. Maize value chain analysis: A case of smallholder maize production and marketing in selected areas of Malawi and Mozambique. Cogent Business & Management. 2018; 5 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson Mango; Lawrence Mapemba; Hardwick Tchale; Clifton Makate; Nothando Dunjana; Mark Lundy. 2018. "Maize value chain analysis: A case of smallholder maize production and marketing in selected areas of Malawi and Mozambique." Cogent Business & Management 5, no. 1: 1.