Cancer immunotherapy is quickly growing and can now be viewed as the “fifth column” of cancer treatment. In addition, cancer immunotherapy has shown promising results with different kinds of cancers and may be used as a complementary therapy with various types of treatments. Thus, “immuno‐oncology” is showing astounding advantages. However, one of the main challenges that face this type of therapy is that cancer cells can evade immune system elimination through different mechanisms. Many studies were done to overcome this issue including adding immune stimulants to generate synergistic effects or by genetically modifying NK cells themselves to be stronger and more resistant. Nigella sativa, also known as black cumin, is a well‐known example of a widely applicable herbal medicine. It can effectively treat a variety of diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, bronchitis, gastrointestinal upset, and cancer. The anticancer qualities of Nigella sativa appear to be mediated by an immune‐modulatory effect that stimulates human natural killer (NK) cells. These are a type of lymphocyte and first line of defense against pathogens. Objectives. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of thymoquinone, a major component of Nigella sativa, on the cytotoxic pathways of NK cells. Methods. NK cells were cultured with breast cancer cell line Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7); and were treated with Thymoquinone. The cytotoxicity of NK cells on cancer cells was measured. The cultured media were then collected and measured via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for concentrations of perforin, granzyme B and interferon‐α (IFN‐α). Results. The cytotoxic effect of NK cells on tumor cells was increased in the presence of thymoquinone, with an increased release of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐α. Conclusion. Thymoquinone promotes the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against breast cancer MCF‐7 cells.

Macrophages are one of the most important cells in the immune system. They act as links between innate and adaptive immunities. In this study, the aim was to examine thymoquinone effects on the immunological properties of different macrophages. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from blood from healthy volunteers by negative selection of monocytes that had been cultured for seven days to differentiate into macrophages. Cells were cultured with or without the presence of thymoquinone (TQ), which was used in two different concentrations (50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. Cluster of differentiation 80 (CD80), cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), and human leukocyte antigen DR isotype (HLA-DR) were measured by flow cytometry, and the secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was measured. Cells were also tested for their E. coli phagocytosis abilities. The data showed that the expression of HLA-DR was significantly higher in cells treated with 100 μL/mL TQ. In addition, IFN-γ concentration increased in the 100 μg/mL TQ-treated cells. The macrophage phagocytosis results showed a significant difference in 50 μg/mL TQ-treated cells compared to the controls. TQ may enhance the immunological properties of macrophages during the early stages of innate immunity by activating phagocytosis ability and by increasing the expression of HLA-DR and the secretion of IFN-γ, which may enhance the antigen-presentation capabilities of macrophages.

Background: By the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic spread all around the world with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from mild to moderate to severe or critical cases. T cell subtype dysregulation is mostly involved in the immunopathogenic mechanism. The present study aimed to highlight the role of monitoring T cell subtypes and their activation (expression of CD38) in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects and their role in predicting severity and patients’ outcomes. Materials: The study involved 70 adult COVID-19 confirmed cases stratified into three groups: a mild/asymptomatic group, a clinically moderate group, and a clinically severe/critical group. Flow cytometry analysis was used for the assessment of CD3⁺ cells for total T cell count, CD4⁺ cells for helper T cells (Th), CD8⁺ cells for cytotoxic T cells (Tc), CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells for regulatory T cells (T reg), and CD38 expression in CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells for T cell activation. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between COVID-19 cases and healthy controls as regards low counts of all the targeted T cell subtypes, with the lowest counts detected among patients of the severe/critical group. Furthermore, CD38 overexpression was observed in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Conclusion: Decreased T cell count, specifically CD8⁺ T cell (Tc), with T cell overactivation which was indicated by CD38 overexpression on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells had a substantial prognostic role in predicting severity and mortality among COVID-19 patients. These findings can provide a preliminary tool for clinicians to identify high-risk patients requiring vigilant monitoring, customized supportive therapy, or ICU admission. Studies on larger patient groups are needed.

SARS-CoV-2, which initiated the worldwide COVID-19 epidemic in 2019, has rapidly emerged and spread, resulting in significant public health challenges worldwide. The COVID-19 severity signs and their association with specific genes have been investigated to better comprehend this phenomenon. In this study, several genes were investigated to see whether they correspond with COVID-19 sickness severity. This research aims to determine and evaluate certain gene expression levels associated with the immune system, as these genes were reported to play important roles in immune control during the COVID-19 outbreak. We analyzed two immunity-linked genes: CD27 and SAMHD1 in COVID-19 patients’ samples using RT-PCR, compared them to the samples from recovered, immunized, and healthy individuals. These data were examined to determine the potential relationships between clinical patterns, illness severity, and progression, and SARS-CoV-2 infection immunology.

Extreme response of the immune system develops cytokine storm which might be crucial in the pathology of COVID-19. The research aims to evaluate the serum level of IL-6, TNF-α, and IP-10 in severe, mild, and pre-vaccinated one-dose COVID-19 patients and investigate their clinical value and effect in the disease development among different groups of patients. A total of 72 samples were collected 18 as healthy control and 54 from confirmed COVID-19 patients including 18 mild, 18 severe, and 18 pre-vaccinated (one dose). It was confirmed that the severe group of COVID-19 patients had the highest circulating IL-6, TNF- α, and IP-10. IL-6 level in mild and pre-vaccinated (one dose) was significantly lower than in severe. In conclusion, IL-6, TNF-α, and IP-10 are associated with the pathogenicity of COVID-19, furthermore, vaccination could help to control severity of the disease.

The immune system contains several different cells that act as the first line of defence, reacting to a broad range of intruders as quickly as possible; an example of such cells is neutrophils. There has been increased focus on neutrophils due to the key role they potentially play in the pathogenesis of various diseases caused by the overactivation or malfunctioning of these cells. Investigations have been conducted to explore the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The SLE is an autoimmune disorder in which one or multiple organs become inflamed or damaged, resulting in the release of autoantigens and subsequently activating B cells that produce autoantibodies. The severity of the disease, as well as the specific organs affected, can influence how it manifests in the individual patient, and it has the potential to be fatal. Disease development can be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The process of diagnosing SLE is based on clinical signs and symptoms that evolve, thus creating diagnostic challenges and impacting the ability to anticipate how a patient will respond to treatment due to the heterogeneous nature of the disorder. Neutrophils play a key role in the development of SLE as they serve as a source of nuclear autoantigens, due to reduced phagocytosis and increased production of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). The present review aimed to analyse the role of neutrophils, particularly in the context of SLE development. Additionally, it will discuss the potential for these cells to be involved in the diagnosis and treatment of SLE.