The majority of snacks expanded by extrusion (SEE) are made with vegetable sources, to improve their nutritional content; it has been proposed to incorporate squid (Dosidicus gigas), due to its high protein content, low price and high availability. However, the interaction of proteins of animal origin with starch during extrusion causes negative effects on the sensory properties of SEE, so it is necessary to know the type of protein–carbohydrate interactions and their effect on these properties. The objective of this research was to study the interaction of proteins and carbohydrates of SEE elaborated with squid mantle, potato and corn. The nutritional composition and protein digestibility were evaluated, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the formation of protein–starch complexes and the possible regions responsible for their interactions. The SEE had a high protein content (40–85%) and biological value (>93%). The melting temperature (Tm) was found between 145 and 225 °C; the Tm values in extruded samples are directly proportional to the squid content. The extrusion process reduced the amine groups I and II responsible for the protein–protein interaction and increased the O-glucosidic bonds, so these bonds could be responsible for the protein–carbohydrate interactions.

Corn (Zea mays) is the most consumed cereal in México, so it is necessary to know the nutritional and anatomical quality of the grains, which have been the main conservation and consumption criteria of the prehispanic peoples. This practice has allowed to preserve varieties of Creole corn, however, due to the lack of knowledge of these characteristics the cultivation of these maize has been reduced, presenting a high risk of disappearing. The objective was to determine the physical, nutritive and functional quality of four varieties of creole corn: Purple-Olotillo, Dos-Puntas, Toro and Olotillo. Toro presented the highest values of width and thickness (10.79 and 7.71 mm). The Toro showed better values of Endosperm and Pericarp (84.25% and 4.01%), Dos-Puntas and Olotillo showed higher values of Germ (10.75%) and Pericarp (6.2%), respectively. The Toro had a higher content of Carbohydrates and Proteins (74.47 and 10.61%). In WSI, the best value was obtained by Dos-Puntas (11.91%) and WAI the Olotillo (245.56 g H2O/g sample). It is concluded that the Toro has better nutritional content and larger and weight grains, while the Olotillo presented the highest values of WAI, it can confer better technological properties for food processing.

Los Agaves son nativos de América y tienen diferentes usos, entre los que destacan la obtención de fibras y elaboración de bebidas alcohólicas; esto ha ocasionado una considerable disminución en las poblaciones silvestres; por lo que, el objetivo fue caracterizar morfológicamente cápsulas y semillas, y evaluar el desarrollo de la plántula de maguey sacatoro (Agave angustifolia Haw.) colectadas en diferentes sitios del centro y norte del estado de Guerrero, México, para su propagación por semilla. Para el análisis morfométrico se empleó un diseño de un solo factor (Localidad) y para las variables de calidad de semilla, un análisis bifactorial (localidad y tiempo de inmersión). Los resultados obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y pruebas de medias (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05). Se tomaron peso, altura y ancho de las cápsulas y semillas. Se realizó la prueba de germinación estándar y la viabilidad con la prueba del tetrazolio. Posteriormente, se evaluó el desarrollo de plántula; en tres tiempos de inmersión en agua (0, 24 y 48 h) y se realizaron mediciones en raíz, hoja y tallo. Motuapa presentó cápsulas con mayor número de semillas y semillas normales (241 y 140, respectivamente). Las cápsulas de mayor longitud la presentaron Atetetla, Motuapa y los Amates (5.37 ± 0.50, 5.10 ± 0.40 y 4.97 ± 0.36 cm, respectivamente), Ateteta tuvo mayor ancho de cápsula (2.63 ± 0.05 cm), germinación (95%) y viabilidad (89.4%). Por lo que, La producción de plántula de A. sacatoro, mediante el uso de semillas puede ser una alternativa viable.

Mexico is the seventh largest producer of jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa), and Guerrero State agglomerates more than 70 % of the national production. The crop presents important phytosanitary limitations, highlights the "black leg" associated with a complex of pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora parasitica). Losses up to 100 % are reported in areas without phytosanitary management. Due to the nature of the consumption of the final product, it is necessary to implement ecological strategies to manage the disease. The objective of the study was to quantify the chitinases and glucanases activity of Trichoderma spp. isolates, and to evaluate their inhibitory effect in vitro on F. oxysporum and P. parasitica. Strains Ta10, Tall, Ta6 and Ta9 of T. asperellum and Ti14 of T. inhamatum from soils cultivated with jamaica and high incidence of the pathogens were evaluated. The levels of chitinases and glucanases produced in all Trichoderma spp. were significant (p <= 0,05), and it was found that Ta9 had the highest specific chitinase activity, and Ti14 the highest for glucanase. All the filtrates from the different isolates of Trichoderma spp. generated a substantial inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum and P. parasitica. Consistently, the strain Ta9 produced inhibition percentages greater than 90 % in both tests. A significant correlation was detected between the enzymatic activity and the inhibition of the growth of the Trichoderma spp. isolates on pathogens.

El maíz (Zea mays L.)., es un cultivo de importancia mundial ya que es suministro de nutrimentos y energía necesarios para los seres humanos, animales y es un elemento esencial para la industria (ASERCA, 2018). México es considerado el centro de origen y diversificación del maíz, existen 64 razas y de ellas 59 pueden considerarse nativas (SADER, 2020), este cereal desempeña un papel primordial en la seguridad alimentaria de la población (Escobedo, 2023). A través de los siglos el maíz ha ido evolucionando y esto ha sido posible gracias a los saberes y conocimientos de las y los agricultores, que se han encargado de hacer una selección de semillas con las características deseables de este cultivo (Magdaleno, 2018). Los conocimientos y saberes tradicionales han sido fundamentales para la preservación de esta especie, lo que ha propiciado poblaciones nativas de maíz que las y los agricultores han adaptado a sus necesidades alimenticias, productivas, ambientales y culturales (Cruz et al., 2021).

Tropical dairy cattle farming is one the most relevant economic activities for food production; although, currently faces increasing scrutiny from society due to its potential harm to natural resources and the environment. Moreover, some factors are paramount for the evaluation of the sustainability and productive potential of any given tropical dairy farm: soil quality, profitability, and energy efficiency. This study carried out a sustainability analysis in four types of tropical dairy cattle ranches, through three key indicators (economic profitability, energy efficiency and soil quality) and with a comprehensive approach in the Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, four farms of different sizes (i.e., small, medium, large, and very large) were selected in Costa de Oaxaca, Mexico. The data collection was carried out for daily milk production, the dynamics of farm inputs (introduction or removal) from the production system, alongside with collection of soil samples. The agroecosystems evaluated were economically profitable, and those with greater intensification of their pasture areas display higher profit margins and energy efficiency. In terms of soil quality, there is a regular potential for its rational utilization.