Sediment and deposition are among the main problems in dam engineering and other related fields. Because of the numerous advantages of numerical modeling, effects of different geometries of reservoirs on the flow pattern and deposition of sediments are investigated using the finite volume based Flow-3D software package. In this study, three rectangular reservoirs with different dimensional ratios are simulated using the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model. To validate the numerical modeling, existing experimental data is used. Results indicate that Flow-3D can accurately simulate flow and sediment deposition in the reservoirs, and the numerical data are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Numerical efforts showed that the amount of deposition in reservoirs is significantly dependent on the geometry. Among the modeled reservoirs, the 6 × 4 m one has the best performance. Moreover, it can be said that changing the position of the flow’s inlet and outlet of the reservoir does not have a considerable effect on increasing its efficiency.

The main purpose of the presented research is to raise the efficiency of pumping stations’ operational work by developing a model for reducing energy costs in urban water supply systems. Pumping systems are responsible for a significant portion of the total electrical energy use. Significant opportunities exist to reduce the pumping energy through smart design, retrofitting, and operating practices. Today, considering the increase in pumping energy prices in water conveyance systems, the problem of optimal operation of pumping stations is very actual. The optimal operation of pumping stations was determined using a Genetic Algorithm Optimization (GAO) to achieve the minimum energy cost. The paper presents a novel management model for the optimal design and operation of water pumping systems on a real case study for the town of Gonabad in Iran. To achieve this goal, three days in a year were selected randomly. The results indicate that the proposed mode in conjunction with a GAO is a versatile management model for the design and operation of the real pumping station. Modeling results show that optimization with a GAO reduces power consumption by about 15–20%.

Dams are one of the most important hydraulic structures. In view of unrecoverable damages occurring after a dam failure, analyzing a dams’ break is necessary. In this study, a dam located in Iran is considered. According to adjacent tourist and entertainment zones, the breaking of the dam could lead to severe problems for the area and bridges downstream of the river. To investigate the issue, a numerical FORTRAN code based on the 2D finite volume Roe-TVD method on a fixed bed is provided to assess the effects of the dam break. Turbulence terms and dry bed conditions were considered in the code. A numerical wave tank (NWT) with a triangular barrier in the bed was numerically modeled and compared with analytical models to verify the capability of the code. Comparing numerical, experimental and analytical results showed that estimated water level and mass conservation in the numerical model is in good agreement with the experimental data and analytical solutions. The 2D approach used has reduced the cost of computing compared to a 3D approach while obtaining accurate results. The code is finally applied to a full-scale dam-break flood. Six KM of the natural river downstream of the dam, including two bridges, B1 and B2, is considered. Flood flow hydrographs and water level variations at bridges B1 and B2 are presented. The results denoted that bridges B1 and B2 will be flooded after 12 and 21 min, respectively, and are at risk of the potential break. Thus, it is necessary to announce and possibly evacuate the resort area alongside the dam in order to decrease losses.

Road accidents in Kosovo cause more than 100 deaths each year and about EUR 40 million in property damage. The paper presents an accident prediction model that relates accident frequency to various contributory factors and is developed using trend analysis and the Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis method. In addition, the study investigates road traffic accidents using a novel methodology to compare the different modes and other parameters. The presented research also discusses the road safety in Kosovo, which is a Republic with relatively low economic growth based on GDP per capita, a young population, an increase in the number of vehicles per capita, and an increase in the number of road accidents, but a decline in the number of deaths from road accidents in recent years.

Nematodes are among the organisms found in treated water. While generally considered harmless to human health, under certain conditions, they may serve as vectors for pathogenic viruses and bacteria, posing potential risks. Conventional disinfection processes in water treatment can contribute to the inactivation or removal of nematodes, but their effectiveness varies. This study, conducted at a water treatment plant (WTP) in Mashhad, Iran, aimed to determine the optimal dose and contact time of sodium hypochlorite and ozone for enhancing nematode inactivation in the affected surface water. This research combined primary disinfection using sodium hypochlorite at the existing WTP with a pilot ozone injection system to evaluate their individual and combined effectiveness. The results show that sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 2 mg/L achieved 68% nematode inactivation. At 2.0 mg/L, with a 20 min contact time, ozone disinfection resulted in 39% inactivation. However, the combined application of sodium hypochlorite and ozone significantly improved efficiency, reaching 92% nematode inactivation when sodium hypochlorite and ozone were applied at 2 mg/L and 3 mg/L, respectively, with a 20 min ozone contact time. These findings indicate that, among the disinfection methods examined, the combined use of sodium hypochlorite and ozone is the most effective approach for nematode inactivation in drinking water, offering a promising strategy for improving water quality and safety.