Composites proton conducting material based on cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CDP) doped with zirconium oxide (1−x) CsH₂PO₄/x ZrO₂ were synthesized with different concentration having in the range such as x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 by ball milling method. The prepared solid acid composites were dried at 150 °C for 6 h. Structural and thermal characterization of solid acid composite proton electrolytes were carried out by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy respectively. Phase transition of the prepared materials was carried out by using differential scanning calorimetry and conductivity was measured by LC Impedance meter in the range 1 Hz to 400 kHz. The ionic conductivity of ZrO₂ doped CsH₂PO₄ (CDP) was increased up to 1.3 × 10^–2 S cm⁻¹ at the 280 °C under environment atmospheric humidification which showed high stability as compared to pure CsH₂PO₄ (CDP). This obtaining result would be useful for establishing and design the next generation fuel cell.

Solid acid composites of CsH ₂ PO ₄ /NaH ₂ PO ₄ /ZrO ₂ with different weight ratios of CsH ₂ PO ₄ (CDP), NaH ₂ PO ₄ (SDP), and ZrO ₂ were synthesized and characterized.

Composite Electrolytes (1-x)CsH₂PO₄/xTiO₂(0≤x≤0.4) were prepared and analyzed the structural, thermal, and transport properties. We have investigated the ionic conductivity of composite electrolytes highly pressurized pellets and found that the conductivity of pure CsH₂PO₄ (CDP) increased three orders of magnitude at the transition temperature. The conductivity value of the composites is greater than pure CDP after 250°C. Arrhenius plots have confirmed the conductive nature of ionic conduction. The dehydration behavior and thermal stability of the materials were observed in terms of differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis, and found that the minimum weight loss for the composite 0.6CDP/0.4TiO₂. The electrodes were prepared with the technique of vapor deposition.

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique under different growth temperatures. Samples were investigated for their structural, morphological, and optical properties through X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. AFM analysis revealed that the surface roughness of the as-grown CdSe thin films increased with the increase in deposition temperature. The optical constants and film thickness were obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis and are discussed in detail. The optical band gap of the as-grown CdSe thin films, calculated from the Tauc plot analysis, matched with the ellipsometry measurements, with a band gap of ~1.71 eV for a growth temperature range of 150 °C to 400 °C. The CdSe thin films were found to have a refractive index of ~3.0 and extinction coefficient of ~1.0, making it a suitable candidate for photovoltaics.