The COVID-19 pandemic not only caused a global health crisis but also had a huge impact on household finances. This research aimed to examine the financial situation of rural and urban households in Poland between 2018 and 2022 from a multidimensional perspective. In a unidimensional approach, the financial situation of households was analyzed separately for their income, expenditures, savings rate, and shares of fixed expenses. In a multidimensional approach, the analysis used a synthetic index constructed for all these variables combined, employing the TOPSIS method and drawing on microdata from the Polish Central Statistical Office that totaled approximately 150,000 households. It was found that despite the pandemic outbreak, which led to major changes in the labor market, government-introduced organizational and legal measures protected the income of Polish households from decline. Indeed, income was increasing up until 2021, with a modest fall in 2022, which was less severe in rural households (by about 2%) than in urban ones (by 6%). A more immediate response to the outbreak was observed in consumer spending, which fell sharply, while the food share in consumption increased at similar levels in rural and urban areas. Regression analysis showed that compared to 2019, the pandemic worsened the financial situation of Polish households, but only in 2020 and 2022 were these changes statistically significant. In 2021, the financial situation improved slightly, but the change was not statistically significant. Before the pandemic, the synthetic assessment of the financial situation in rural areas was lower than in urban ones, and the pandemic period did not reduce these differences, showing no convergence between poorer rural areas and richer urban ones. Diagnosing and monitoring the household financial situation are crucial steps for achieving the social dimension goals of sustainable development. Research on the pandemic’s effects on household finances provides valuable information that can help develop effective strategies to counter future crises while supporting the social dimension of the sustainable development strategy.

Rural households live on income much lower than the national average and experience income inequality much higher than the general population. This excess inequality is primarily due to the internal heterogeneity caused by the different nature of household income sources. The purpose of the study was then to assess the level of rural household income inequality and to decompose the inequality index by the main sources of income. The chosen inequality index was Theil-T. The research drew on unidentifiable microdata from the Household Budget Survey conducted by the CSO in 2019-2021.The study found that rural household inequality was slightly higher than that of all Polish households over the analyzed period. Among the various income-source groups, the highest inequality affected farmer households. This group also contributed most to the overall level of inequality in rural areas (44% in 2019 and over 46% in 2021). The pandemic saw an increase in inequality for all identified groups of rural households (the largest – for farmer households) and a decrease in between-group inequality.

The article aims to present a multidimensional assessment of Polish households' financial position and its regional diversity in 2018. In the first stage of the assessment, the financial position was compared between voivodships in a one-dimensional approach, taking into account the level of equivalent disposable income and total expenditure, the savings rate, the shares of food, and housing expenditures. In the second stage, a multidimensional assessment of the financial position was performed, based on the value of the synthetic indicator constructed with the TOPSIS method. Additionally, TOPSIS-based typological classes helped account for determinants of the financial position and subjective evaluation of households in each voivodship. The article drew on unpublished individual data from the Household Budget Survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland in 2018. Analyses from both stages showed that the households in Mazowieckie and Dolnośląskie voivodships enjoyed the best financial position, followed by Śląskie and Opolskie, while in Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie, and Świętokrzyskie -- the worst. With regards to Zachodniopomorskie and Wielkopolskie voivodships, the financial position of their households was similar to the national average. The reasons for these disparities are social, economic, and demographic and include professional activity (being unemployed), the level of education of household head, location, and meeting debt obligations.

This study investigates the nexus between the macroeconomic environment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria using linear regression with ARMA (autoregressive moving average) analysis. Results indicate a positive relationship between GDP per capita and both new businesses registered and new business density, highlighting the role of economic prosperity in fostering entrepreneurial activity. Conversely, inflation exerts a negative influence on entrepreneurship, with higher inflation rates associated with reduced new business registrations and lower business density. Access to financing emerges as a crucial factor, as reflected in the positive correlation between monetary sector credit to the private sector and new business registered. However, the significance of this relationship is marginally significant, prompting further inquiry into credit provision mechanisms. Furthermore, government expenditure on education is found to negatively impact entrepreneurship, underscoring the importance of aligning education spending with entrepreneurship development initiatives. The findings underscore the need for targeted policies aimed at promoting economic growth, mitigating inflationary pressures, enhancing access to financing, and aligning education spending with entrepreneurship support programs to create a conducive environment for entrepreneurial growth in Nigeria.

He aim of the research was to conduct a multidimensional assessment of the quality of housing conditions in rural households of different voivodeships (provinces) in comparison to households in Poland overall. The research involved separate evaluations of the quality of internal and external housing conditions. Internal housing conditions pertained to the dwellings themselves and included the standards of their use and the presence of sanitary and technical installations. External housing conditions characterized the housing environment, including nuisances related to noise, crime, and deficiencies in technical and service infrastructure. The overall assessment of the quality of housing conditions encompassed both internal and external indicators. These assessments were based on the values of synthetic indicators determined using the TOPSIS method. The analyses were conducted using individual non-identifiable data from the Household Budget Survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office in 2021. For half of the voivodeships, the quality of internal housing conditions in rural households was assessed as average, while in the dzkie Voivodeship, it was assessed as low. A very high rating was obtained for seven voivodeships: lskie, Opolskie, Podkarpackie, Maopolskie, Lubuskie, Wielkopolskie, and Pomorskie. On the other hand, the quality of external conditions was assessed as high only in the Maopolskie and Podkarpackie Voivodeships, while in the dzkie Voivodeship, it was also assessed as low.