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Dr. Taehyoung Kim
Department of Living and Built Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Korea

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0 sustainable concrete
0 Sustainable Construction Material
0 Recycling of construction waste
0 Building dismantling and demolition
0 Construction material life cycle assessment

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Journal article
Published: 14 December 2019 in Sustainability
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This paper examines the effectiveness of South Korea’s policy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in office buildings and evaluates if national targets can be met. A sample of office buildings was categorized into two groups—conventional (Group A) and new (Group B)—based on when their construction was approved. Furthermore, data regarding the three design elements of the building envelope, that is building form, window systems, and U-values were collected. By statistically processing data of each element, reference building models were developed and a case study was conducted for each building. Design changes that were incorporated, keeping in mind the GHG reduction policy, showed 13.1% of saving energy in case 8 (reference building of Group B) than case 1 (reference building of Group A). The savings in case 8 were more than the average GHG reduction rate (12.8%) compared to business as usual (BAU). However, case 4 (a conventional (Group A) building form with new (Group B) window systems and U-values) achieved the greatest savings in building loads. The policy to enhance insulation in new buildings to reduce GHG emissions in the building sector has prompted changes in building forms and window systems and has reduced emissions by 10%, that is 3% more than the expected value. Thus, new innovations in building envelope design could achieve an average 12.8% reduction in emissions in buildings.

ACS Style

Younghoon Kwak; Jeong-A Kang; Jung-Ho Huh; Tae-Hyoung Kim; Young-Sun Jeong. An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policy for Office Building Design in South Korea. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7172 .

AMA Style

Younghoon Kwak, Jeong-A Kang, Jung-Ho Huh, Tae-Hyoung Kim, Young-Sun Jeong. An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policy for Office Building Design in South Korea. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Younghoon Kwak; Jeong-A Kang; Jung-Ho Huh; Tae-Hyoung Kim; Young-Sun Jeong. 2019. "An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policy for Office Building Design in South Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7172.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2019 in Applied Sciences
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This study assessed the influence of matter discharged during the production (dry/wet) of recycled aggregate on global warming potential (GWP) and acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), biotic resource depletion potential (ADP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) using the ISO 14044 (LCA) standard. The LCIA of dry recycled aggregate was 2.94 × 10−2 kg-CO2eq/kg, 2.93 × 10−5 kg-SO2eq/kg, 5.44 × 10−6 kg-PO43eq/kg, 4.70 × 10−10 kg-CFC11eq/kg, 1.25 × 10−5 kg-C2H4eq/kg, and 1.60 × 10−5 kg-Antimonyeq/kg, respectively. The environmental impact of recycled aggregate (wet) was up to 16~40% higher compared with recycled aggregate (dry); the amount of energy used by impact crushers while producing wet recycled aggregate was the main cause for this result. The environmental impact of using recycled aggregate was found to be up to twice as high as that of using natural aggregate, largely due to the greater simplicity of production of natural aggregate requiring less energy. However, ADP was approximately 20 times higher in the use of natural aggregate because doing so depletes natural resources, whereas recycled aggregate is recycled from existing construction waste. Among the life cycle impacts assessment of recycled aggregate, GWP was lower than for artificial light-weight aggregate but greater than for slag aggregate.

ACS Style

Won-Jun Park; TaeHyoung Kim; Seungjun Roh; Rakhyun Kim. Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1021 .

AMA Style

Won-Jun Park, TaeHyoung Kim, Seungjun Roh, Rakhyun Kim. Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (5):1021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Jun Park; TaeHyoung Kim; Seungjun Roh; Rakhyun Kim. 2019. "Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5: 1021.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2018 in Energies
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Every country in the world is striving to deal with climate change such as global warming and environmental pollution caused by greenhouse gas emission as well as the depletion of fossil fuel including oil, coal, gas, etc. Countries have set long-term greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in this effort. Korea announced its goal to reduce the national greenhouse gas in medium- and long-term by 25.7% of the observed value of 2030 greenhouse gas emission (BAU) in 2011, and set to reduce the greenhouse gas by 18.2% in the building sector. In addition, according to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), greenhouse gas emission in the building sector takes up about 19% of entire emission, a very high percentage along with 31% from the industry sector. This paper calculates the national and building sector greenhouse gas emission based on energy consumption statistics, in order for Korea to achieve Post-2020 greenhouse gas reduction target, predict building sector’s greenhouse gas emission, and implement and reduction policy. The greenhouse gas emission from buildings is about 124.9 million ton CO2equivalent as of 2015, taking up about 20% of greenhouse gas emission in Korea’s entire sectors, and decreased in 1998 from 105.0 million ton CO2eq in 1997. However, the greenhouse gas emission consistently increased from 119.3 million ton CO2eq in 2007 to 127.1 million ton CO2eq in 2010 and 127.3 million ton CO2eq in 2013.

ACS Style

Tae-Hyoung Kim; Young-Sun Jeong. Analysis of Energy-Related Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Korea’s Building Sector: Use National Energy Statistics. Energies 2018, 11, 855 .

AMA Style

Tae-Hyoung Kim, Young-Sun Jeong. Analysis of Energy-Related Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Korea’s Building Sector: Use National Energy Statistics. Energies. 2018; 11 (4):855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae-Hyoung Kim; Young-Sun Jeong. 2018. "Analysis of Energy-Related Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Korea’s Building Sector: Use National Energy Statistics." Energies 11, no. 4: 855.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2017 in Sustainability
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With the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.9% below business-as-usual by 2020, the construction industry is recognized as an environmentally harmful industry because of the large quantity of consumption and waste with which it is associated, and the industry has therefore been requested to become more environmentally friendly. Concrete, a common construction material, is known to emit large amounts of environmentally hazardous waste during the processes related to its production, construction, maintenance, and demolition. To aid the concrete industry’s efforts to reduce its GHG emissions, this study developed a software program that can assess GHG emissions incurred over the life cycle of a concrete product, and a case study was conducted to determine the impact of the proposed concrete assessment program on a construction project.

ACS Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Sanghyo Lee; Chang U. Chae; Hyoungjae Jang; Kanghee Lee. Development of the CO2 Emission Evaluation Tool for the Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2116 .

AMA Style

TaeHyoung Kim, Sanghyo Lee, Chang U. Chae, Hyoungjae Jang, Kanghee Lee. Development of the CO2 Emission Evaluation Tool for the Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (11):2116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Sanghyo Lee; Chang U. Chae; Hyoungjae Jang; Kanghee Lee. 2017. "Development of the CO2 Emission Evaluation Tool for the Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete." Sustainability 9, no. 11: 2116.

Journal article
Published: 02 November 2016 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aims to develop a system for assessing the impact of the substances discharged from concrete production process on six environmental impact categories, i.e., global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP), abiotic depletion (ADP), ozone depletion (ODP), and photochemical oxidant creation (POCP), using the life a cycle assessment (LCA) method. To achieve this, this study proposed an LCA method specifically applicable to the Korean concrete industry by adapting the ISO standards to suit the Korean situations. The proposed LCA method involves a system that performs environmental impact assessment on the basis of input information on concrete mix design, transport distance, and energy consumption in a batch plant. The Concrete Lifecycle Assessment System (CLAS) thus developed provides user-friendly support for environmental impact assessment with specialized database for concrete mix materials and energy sources. In the case analysis using the CLAS, among the substances discharged from the production of 24 MPa concrete, those contributing to GWP, AP, EP, ADP, ODP, and POCP were assessed to amount to 309 kg-CO2 eq/m3, 28.7 kg-SO2 eq/m3, 5.21 kg-PO43− eq/m3, 0.000049 kg-CFC11 eq/m3, 34 kg/m3, and 21 kg-Ethylene eq/m3, respectively. Of these six environmental impact categories selected for the LCA in this study, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was found to contribute most intensely to GWP and POCP, and aggregates, to AP, EP, ODP, and ADP. It was also found that the mix design with increased prop proportion of recycled aggregate was found to contribute to reducing the impact in all other categories.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Sung Ho Tae. Proposal of Environmental Impact Assessment Method for Concrete in South Korea: An Application in LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 1074 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim, Sung Ho Tae. Proposal of Environmental Impact Assessment Method for Concrete in South Korea: An Application in LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (11):1074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Sung Ho Tae. 2016. "Proposal of Environmental Impact Assessment Method for Concrete in South Korea: An Application in LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1074.

Preprint
Published: 03 August 2016
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As argued by ‘Declaration of Concrete Environment (2010)’ of Korea and ‘Declaration of Asian Concrete Environment (2011)’ of six Asian countries, concrete as a single material has lately shown extremely large impact on environmental issues such as climate change. Assessment of environmental impact from concrete material and production has considerable importance. Concrete is a major material used in the construction industry that emits a large amount of substances with environmental impacts during its life cycle. Accordingly, technologies for the reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of concrete from the perspective of Life Cycle Assessment must be developed. At present, the studies in relation to greenhouse gas emission from concrete are being carried out globally as a countermeasure against climate change. In this study, a sustainable concrete mix design algorithm was designed using correlation analyses, and its carbon emission and cost reduction performances were assessed. Using correlation analyses, the concrete strength, w/b and s/a ratios, and CO2 emissions were identified as major variables of concrete mix design that influenced other variables. Also, this study aims to evaluate the CO2 emission reduction performance of the algorithm-deduced sustainable concrete mix design, and therefore, the CO2 emissions of the sustainable concrete mix design are compared with those of the actual concrete mix design applied to the construction of the office building A in South Korea.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim. Propose of Mix Design Method for CO2 Reduction Concrete Using the Regression Analysis. 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim. Propose of Mix Design Method for CO2 Reduction Concrete Using the Regression Analysis. . 2016; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim. 2016. "Propose of Mix Design Method for CO2 Reduction Concrete Using the Regression Analysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2016 in Sustainability
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The importance of environmental consequences due to diverse substances that are emitted during the production of concrete is recognized, but environmental performance tends to be evaluated separately from the economic performance and durability performance of concrete. In order to evaluate concrete from the perspective of sustainable development, evaluation technologies are required for comprehensive assessment of environmental performance, economic performance, and durability performance based on a concept of sustainable development called the triple bottom line (TBL). Herein, an assessment method for concrete eco-efficiency is developed as a technique to ensure the manufacture of highly durable and eco-friendly concrete, while minimizing both the load on the ecological environment and manufacturing costs. The assessment method is based on environmental impact, manufacturing costs, and the service life of concrete. According to our findings, eco-efficiency increased as the compressive strength of concrete increased from 21 MPa to 40 MPa. The eco-efficiency of 40 MPa concrete was about 50% higher than the eco-efficiency of 24 MPa concrete. Thus eco-efficiency is found to increase with an increasing compressive strength of concrete because the rate of increase in the service life of concrete is larger than the rate of increase in the costs. In addition, eco-efficiency (KRW/year) was shown to increase for all concrete strengths as mixing rates of admixtures (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) increased to 30% during concrete mix design. However, when the mixing rate of admixtures increased to 40% and 60%, the eco-efficiency dropped due to rapid reduction in the service life values of concrete to 74 (year/m3) and 44 (year/m3), respectively.

ACS Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Sungho Tae; Chang U. Chae; Kanghee Lee. Proposal for the Evaluation of Eco-Efficient Concrete. Sustainability 2016, 8, 705 .

AMA Style

TaeHyoung Kim, Sungho Tae, Chang U. Chae, Kanghee Lee. Proposal for the Evaluation of Eco-Efficient Concrete. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (8):705.

Chicago/Turabian Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Sungho Tae; Chang U. Chae; Kanghee Lee. 2016. "Proposal for the Evaluation of Eco-Efficient Concrete." Sustainability 8, no. 8: 705.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2016 in Sustainability
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To comply with recent international trends and initiatives, and in order to help achieve sustainable development, Korea has established a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 37% (851 million tons) of the business as usual (BAU) rate by 2030. Regarding environmentally-oriented standards such as the IGCC (International Green Construction Code), there are also rising demands for the assessment on CO2 emissions during the life cycle in accordance with ISO (International Standardization Organization’s Standard) 14040. At present, precast concrete (PC) engineering-related studies primarily cover structural and construction aspects, including improvement of structural performance in the joint, introduction of pre-stressed concrete and development of half PC. In the manufacture of PC, steam curing is mostly used for the early-strength development of concrete. In steam curing, a large amount of CO2 is produced, causing an environmental problem. Therefore, this study proposes a method to assess CO2 emissions (including absorption) throughout the PC life cycle by using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Using the proposed assessment method, CO2 emissions during the life cycle of a precast concrete girder (PCG) were assessed. In addition, CO2 absorption was assessed against a PCG using conventional carbonation and CO2 absorption-related models. As a result, the CO2 emissions throughout the life cycle of the PCG were 1365.6 (kg-CO2/1 PCG). The CO2 emissions during the production of raw materials among the CO2 emissions throughout the life cycle of the PCG were 1390 (kg-CO2/1 PCG), accounting for a high portion to total CO2 emissions (nearly 90%). In contrast, the transportation and manufacture stages were 1% and 10%, respectively, having little effect on total CO2 emissions. Among the use of the PCG, CO2 absorption was mostly decided by the CO2 diffusion coefficient and the amount of CO2 absorption by cement paste. The CO2 absorption by carbonation throughout the service life of the PC was about 11% of the total CO2 emissions, which is about 16% of CO2 emissions from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete.

ACS Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Chang U. Chae. Evaluation Analysis of the CO2 Emission and Absorption Life Cycle for Precast Concrete in Korea. Sustainability 2016, 8, 663 .

AMA Style

TaeHyoung Kim, Chang U. Chae. Evaluation Analysis of the CO2 Emission and Absorption Life Cycle for Precast Concrete in Korea. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (7):663.

Chicago/Turabian Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Chang U. Chae. 2016. "Evaluation Analysis of the CO2 Emission and Absorption Life Cycle for Precast Concrete in Korea." Sustainability 8, no. 7: 663.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2016 in Sustainability
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Concrete is a major material used in the construction industry that emits a large amount of substances with environmental impacts during its life cycle. Accordingly, technologies for the reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of concrete from the perspective of a life cycle assessment (LCA) must be developed. At present, the studies on LCA in relation to greenhouse gas emission from concrete are being carried out globally as a countermeasure against climate change. However, the studies on the impact of the substances emitted in the concrete production process on acidification and eutrophication are insufficient. As such, assessing only a single category of environmental impact may cause a misunderstanding about the environmental friendliness of concrete. The substances emitted in the concrete production process have an impact not only on global warming but also on acidification and eutrophication. Acidification and eutrophication are the main causes of air pollution, forest destruction, red tide phenomena, and deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. For this reason, the main substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that have an impact on acidification and eutrophication were deduced. In addition, an LCA technique through which to determine the major emissions from concrete was proposed and a case analysis was carried out. The substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that are related to eutrophication were deduced to be NOx, NH3, NH4+, COD, NO3−, and PO43−. The substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that are related to acidification, were found to be NOx, SO2, H2S, and H2SO4. The materials and energy sources among those input into the concrete production process, which have the biggest impact on acidification and eutrophication, were found to be coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Chang U Chae. Environmental Impact Analysis of Acidification and Eutrophication Due to Emissions from the Production of Concrete. Sustainability 2016, 8, 578 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim, Chang U Chae. Environmental Impact Analysis of Acidification and Eutrophication Due to Emissions from the Production of Concrete. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (6):578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Chang U Chae. 2016. "Environmental Impact Analysis of Acidification and Eutrophication Due to Emissions from the Production of Concrete." Sustainability 8, no. 6: 578.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2016 in Sustainability
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This study assessed the environmental effects and cost of the Industrial Waste addictive Blast Furnace Slag (W-BFS) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and compared it to general BFS. The environmental impacts of W-BFS were as follows: 1.12 × 10−1 kg-CO2 eq/kg, 3.18 × 10−5 kg-Ethylene eq/kg, 4.79 × 10−4 kg-SO2 eq/kg, 7.15 × 10−4 kg-PO43− eq/kg, 7.15 × 10−4 kg-CFC11 eq/kg and 3.94 × 10−3 kg-Antimony eq/kg. Among the environmental impact category, GWP and AP were 9.28 × 10−2 kg-CO2 eq/kg and 3.33 × 10−4 kg-SO2 eq/kg at a raw material stage, accounting for 80% and 70% of total environmental impact respectively. In EP, POCP and ADP, in addition, raw material stage accounted for a great portion in total environmental impact because of “W” among input materials. In ODP, however, compared to the environmental impact of raw materials, oil, which was used in transporting BFS to the W-BFS manufacturing factory, was more influential. In terms of GWP, POCP and ODP, W-BFS was higher than general BFS. In terms of AP, EP and ADP, in contrast, the former was lower than the latter. In terms of cost, W-BFS (41.7 US$/ton) was lower than general BFS by about 17% because of the use of waste additives comprised of industrial wastes instead of natural gypsum ,which has been commonly used in general BFS. In terms of GWP and POCP, the W-BFS mixed (30%) concrete was lower than plain concrete by 25%. In terms of AP and EP, the former was lower than the latter by 30%. In terms of ADP, furthermore, W-BFS mixed (30%) concrete was lower than plain concrete by 11%. In aggregate-related ODP, however, almost no change was found. In terms of cost, when W-BFS was added by 10% and 30%, it was able to reduce cost by 3% and 7% respectively, compared to plain concrete. Compared to BFS-mixed concrete as well, cost could be saved by 1% additionally because W-BFS (US$41.7/ton) is lower than common cement (US$100.3/ton) by about 60% in terms of production costs.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Sung Ho Tae; Chang U. Chae; Won Young Choi. The Environmental Impact and Cost Analysis of Concrete Mixing Blast Furnace Slag Containing Titanium Gypsum and Sludge in South Korea. Sustainability 2016, 8, 502 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim, Sung Ho Tae, Chang U. Chae, Won Young Choi. The Environmental Impact and Cost Analysis of Concrete Mixing Blast Furnace Slag Containing Titanium Gypsum and Sludge in South Korea. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (6):502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Sung Ho Tae; Chang U. Chae; Won Young Choi. 2016. "The Environmental Impact and Cost Analysis of Concrete Mixing Blast Furnace Slag Containing Titanium Gypsum and Sludge in South Korea." Sustainability 8, no. 6: 502.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2016 in Sustainability
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In each country in the world, there is a strong need for all industries to reduce CO2 emissions for sustainable development as a preparation for climatic change. The biggest issue in many developed countries, including the United States, is to reduce CO2 emissions for the upcoming implementation of Carbon Emissions Trading. The construction industry, in particular, which accounts for up about 30% of CO2 emissions, will need studies on the amount of CO2 emissions. The purpose of this study is to present the most environmentally friendly and economical apartment house plan types according to the increasing number of layers by evaluating the amount of CO2 emissions and economic efficiency. The results indicated that flat and Y-shaped types are more eco-friendly and economical in lower levels of less than 20 stories. However, the L-shaped type is more highly eco-friendly and economically efficient in higher levels of more than 20 stories. The results of this paper would help to make a decision on the building types and the number of stories in the early stages of construction.

ACS Style

Hyoung Jae Jang; Tae Hyoung Kim; Chang U Chae. CO2 Emissions and Cost by Floor Types of Public Apartment Houses in South Korea. Sustainability 2016, 8, 445 .

AMA Style

Hyoung Jae Jang, Tae Hyoung Kim, Chang U Chae. CO2 Emissions and Cost by Floor Types of Public Apartment Houses in South Korea. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (5):445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyoung Jae Jang; Tae Hyoung Kim; Chang U Chae. 2016. "CO2 Emissions and Cost by Floor Types of Public Apartment Houses in South Korea." Sustainability 8, no. 5: 445.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2016 in Sustainability
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Studies which reduce cement usage, develop an alternative by partial replacement of cement with blast-furnace slag, fly ash, or such industrial byproducts, and evaluate the environmental load and economic value of concrete mixed with such are in high demand. In this study, A-BFS (Activator Blast Furnace Slag), which is mixed with an activator in order to induce early-age strength manifestation of BFS mixed concrete was used to execute a physical property evaluation of concrete. This study first conducted physical property tests for compression strength of concrete that partially replaced OPC (ordinary Portland cement) with A-BFS and executed a comparison/analysis with 100% OPC. It was thought that if concrete early strength is manifested through this process when applied to RC (Reinforced Concrete) building, at most a three to four day construction cycle would be possible, according to which the economic value of the construction period reduction was evaluated. For this evaluation, general apartment houses (Case 1) were taken as the evaluation subject, and for comparison, Cases 2, 3, and 4 were set up by the mix ratio of A-BFS, and the economic value evaluation range was established. As a result, it was found that Case 2 had no change from Case 1, while Case 3 saved about 106,654,762 KRW (Korea Won) and Case 4 saved about 159,982,143 KRW.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim. Assessment of Construction Cost Saving by Concrete Mixing the Activator Material. Sustainability 2016, 8, 403 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim. Assessment of Construction Cost Saving by Concrete Mixing the Activator Material. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (4):403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim. 2016. "Assessment of Construction Cost Saving by Concrete Mixing the Activator Material." Sustainability 8, no. 4: 403.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2016 in Sustainability
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Concrete is a type of construction material in which cement, aggregate, and admixture materials are mixed. When cement is produced, large amounts of substances that impact the environment are emitted during limestone extraction and clinker manufacturing. Additionally, the extraction of natural aggregate causes soil erosion and ecosystem destruction. Furthermore, in the process of transporting raw materials such as cement and aggregate to a concrete production company, and producing concrete in a batch plant, substances with an environmental impact are emitted into the air and water system due to energy use. Considering the fact that the process of producing concrete causes various environmental impacts, an assessment of various environmental impact categories is needed. This study used a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of concrete in terms of its global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, and abiotic depletion potential (GWP, AP, EP, ODP, POCP, ADP). The tendency was that the higher the strength of concrete, the higher the GWP, POCP, and ADP indices became, whereas the AP and EP indices became slightly lower. As the admixture mixing ratio of concrete increased, the GWP, AP, ODP, ADP, and POCP decreased, but EP index showed a tendency to increase slightly. Moreover, as the recycled aggregate mixing ratio of concrete increased, the AP, EP, ODP, and ADP decreased, while GWP and POCP increased. The GWP and POCP per unit compressed strength (1 MPa) of high strength concrete were found to be about 13% lower than that for its normal strength concrete counterpart. Furthermore, in the case of AP, EP, ODP, and ADP per unit compressed strength (1 MPa), high-strength concrete was found to be about 10%~25% lower than its normal strength counterpart. Among all the environmental impact categories, ordinary cement was found to have the greatest impact on GWP, POCP, and ADP, while aggregate had the most impact on AP, EP, and ODP.

ACS Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Sungho Tae; Chang U Chae. Analysis of Environmental Impact for Concrete Using LCA by Varying the Recycling Components, the Compressive Strength and the Admixture Material Mixing. Sustainability 2016, 8, 389 .

AMA Style

TaeHyoung Kim, Sungho Tae, Chang U Chae. Analysis of Environmental Impact for Concrete Using LCA by Varying the Recycling Components, the Compressive Strength and the Admixture Material Mixing. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (4):389.

Chicago/Turabian Style

TaeHyoung Kim; Sungho Tae; Chang U Chae. 2016. "Analysis of Environmental Impact for Concrete Using LCA by Varying the Recycling Components, the Compressive Strength and the Admixture Material Mixing." Sustainability 8, no. 4: 389.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2016 in Sustainability
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An optimization system that supports the production of concrete while minimizing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions or costs is presented that incorporates an evolution algorithm for the materials’ mix design stage, a trigonometric function for the transportation stage, and a stochastic model for the manufacturing stage. A case study demonstrates that applying the optimization system reduced CO2 emissions by 34% compared to the standard concrete production processes typically used. When minimizing the cost of concrete production was prioritized, the cost dropped by 1% compared to the cost of conventional concrete production. These findings confirm that this optimization system helps with the design of the concrete mix and the choice of a material supplier, thus reducing both CO2 emissions and costs.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Sung Ho Tae; Sung Joon Suk; George Ford; Keun Hyek Yang. An Optimization System for Concrete Life Cycle Cost and Related CO2 Emissions. Sustainability 2016, 8, 361 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim, Sung Ho Tae, Sung Joon Suk, George Ford, Keun Hyek Yang. An Optimization System for Concrete Life Cycle Cost and Related CO2 Emissions. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (4):361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Sung Ho Tae; Sung Joon Suk; George Ford; Keun Hyek Yang. 2016. "An Optimization System for Concrete Life Cycle Cost and Related CO2 Emissions." Sustainability 8, no. 4: 361.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2016 in Sustainability
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As the greenhouse gas reduction goal of 37% below business-as-usual (BAU) by 2030, the construction industry is recognized as an anti-environment industry for mass consumption/mass waste; thus, members of the industry are requested to make efforts to transform it into an environment-friendly industry. Concrete, a common construction material, is known to emit large amounts of environmentally hazardous waste during the processes related to its production, construction, maintenance, and demolition. The amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the product is specified in a ready-mixed concrete report whenever concrete is sold commercially. Hence, there have been many studies addressing the quantitative evaluation and reduction of the environmental effects of concrete. This study aims to introduce a method for assessing the amount of carbon dioxide emission from the processes of producing concrete. Moreover, we measured the quantities of CO2 emission of about 10 under-construction projects, including office buildings, apartment buildings, and high-rise residential buildings in South Korea. Using the assessment result, we analyzed the CO2 reduction performance of an office building in South Korea and drew conclusions about measures for reducing CO2 emission.

ACS Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Chang U Chae; Gil Hwan Kim; Hyoung Jae Jang. Analysis of CO2 Emission Characteristics of Concrete Used at Construction Sites. Sustainability 2016, 8, 348 .

AMA Style

Tae Hyoung Kim, Chang U Chae, Gil Hwan Kim, Hyoung Jae Jang. Analysis of CO2 Emission Characteristics of Concrete Used at Construction Sites. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (4):348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tae Hyoung Kim; Chang U Chae; Gil Hwan Kim; Hyoung Jae Jang. 2016. "Analysis of CO2 Emission Characteristics of Concrete Used at Construction Sites." Sustainability 8, no. 4: 348.