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Dr. Rak Hyun Kim
GREENers Corperation

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0 Life Cycle Assessment
0 Life Cycle Engineering
0 concrete durability
0 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

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Life Cycle Assessment
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Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

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Journal article
Published: 08 March 2021 in Sustainability
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This study analyzed the characteristics of the environmental impacts of apartment buildings, a typical housing type in South Korea, as part of a research project supporting the streamlined life cycle assessment (S-LCA) of buildings within the G-SEED (Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) framework. Three recently built apartment building complexes were chosen as study objects for the quantitative evaluation of the buildings in terms of their embodied environmental impacts (global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical oxidant creation potential, and abiotic depletion potential), using the LCA approach. Additionally, we analyzed the emission trends according to the cut-off criteria of the six environmental impact categories by performing an S-LCA with cut-off criteria 90–99% of the cumulative weight percentile. Consequently, we were able to present the cut-off criterion best suited for S-LCA and analyze the effect of the cut-off criteria on the environmental impact analysis results. A comprehensive environmental impact analysis of the characteristics of the six environmental impact categories revealed that the error rate was below 5% when the cut-off criterion of 97.5% of the cumulative weight percentile was applied, thus verifying its validity as the optimal cut-off criterion for S-LCA.

ACS Style

Rakhyun Kim; Myung-Kwan Lim; Seungjun Roh; Won-Jun Park. Analysis of the Characteristics of Environmental Impacts According to the Cut-Off Criteria Applicable to the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of Apartment Buildings in South Korea. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2898 .

AMA Style

Rakhyun Kim, Myung-Kwan Lim, Seungjun Roh, Won-Jun Park. Analysis of the Characteristics of Environmental Impacts According to the Cut-Off Criteria Applicable to the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of Apartment Buildings in South Korea. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rakhyun Kim; Myung-Kwan Lim; Seungjun Roh; Won-Jun Park. 2021. "Analysis of the Characteristics of Environmental Impacts According to the Cut-Off Criteria Applicable to the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of Apartment Buildings in South Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2898.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This study aims to compare the potential environmental impact of the manufacture and production of recycled and by-product aggregates based on a life cycle assessment and to evaluate the environmental impact and cost when they are used as aggregates in concrete. To this end, the six potential environmental impacts (i.e., abiotic depletion potential, global warming potential, ozone-layer depletion potential, acidification potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, and eutrophication potential) of the manufacture and production of natural sand, natural gravel, recycled aggregate, slag aggregate, bottom ash aggregate, and waste glass aggregate were compared using information from life cycle inventory databases. Additionally, the environmental impacts and cost were evaluated when these aggregates were used to replace 30% of the fine and coarse aggregates in concrete with a design strength of 24 MPa. The environmental impact of concrete that incorporated slag aggregate as the fine aggregates or bottom ash aggregate as the coarse aggregates were lower than that of concrete that incorporated natural aggregate. However, concrete that incorporated bottom ash aggregate as the fine aggregates demonstrated relatively high environmental impacts. Based on these environmental impacts, the environmental cost was found to range from 5.88 to 8.79 USD/m3.

ACS Style

Seungjun Roh; Rakhyun Kim; Won-Jun Park; Hoki Ban. Environmental Evaluation of Concrete Containing Recycled and By-Product Aggregates Based on Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7503 .

AMA Style

Seungjun Roh, Rakhyun Kim, Won-Jun Park, Hoki Ban. Environmental Evaluation of Concrete Containing Recycled and By-Product Aggregates Based on Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7503.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungjun Roh; Rakhyun Kim; Won-Jun Park; Hoki Ban. 2020. "Environmental Evaluation of Concrete Containing Recycled and By-Product Aggregates Based on Life Cycle Assessment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7503.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The purpose of this study was to identify the major wastes generated during the construction phase using a life cycle assessment. To accomplish this, the amount of waste generated in the construction phase was deduced using the loss rate and weight conversions. Major construction wastes were assessed using six comprehensive environmental impact categories, including global warming potential, abiotic depletion potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential. According to the analysis results, five main construction wastes—concrete, rebar, cement, polystyrene panel, and concrete block—comprehensively satisfied the 95% cutoff criteria for all six environmental impact categories. The results of the environmental impact characterization assessment revealed that concrete, concrete block, and cement waste accounted for over 70% of the contribution level in all the environmental impact categories except resource depletion. Insulation materials accounted for 1% of the total waste generated but were identified by the environmental impact assessment to have the highest contribution level.

ACS Style

Won-Jun Park; Rakhyun Kim; Seungjun Roh; Hoki Ban. Identifying the Major Construction Wastes in the Building Construction Phase Based on Life Cycle Assessments. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8096 .

AMA Style

Won-Jun Park, Rakhyun Kim, Seungjun Roh, Hoki Ban. Identifying the Major Construction Wastes in the Building Construction Phase Based on Life Cycle Assessments. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Jun Park; Rakhyun Kim; Seungjun Roh; Hoki Ban. 2020. "Identifying the Major Construction Wastes in the Building Construction Phase Based on Life Cycle Assessments." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8096.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Sustainability
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To address the environmental problems associated with construction materials, the construction industry has made considerable efforts to reduce carbon emissions. However, construction materials cause several other environmental problems in addition to carbon emissions and thus, a comprehensive analysis of environmental impact categories is required. This study aims to determine the major environmental impact categories for each construction material in production stage using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique on road projects. Through the review of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodologies, the abiotic depletion potential (ADP), ozone depletion potential, photochemical oxidant creation potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, eco-toxicity potential, human toxicity potential, as well as the global warming potential (GWP) were defined as impact categories. To define the impact categories for road construction materials, major environmental pollutants were analyzed for a number of road projects, and impact categories for 13 major construction materials were selected as mandatory impact categories. These materials contributed more than 80% to the impact categories from an LCA perspective. The impact categories to which each material contributed more than 99% were proposed as specialization impact categories to provide basic data for use in the LCIA of future road projects.

ACS Style

Won-Jun Park; Rakhyun Kim; Seungjun Roh; Hoki Ban. Analysis of Major Environmental Impact Categories of Road Construction Materials. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6951 .

AMA Style

Won-Jun Park, Rakhyun Kim, Seungjun Roh, Hoki Ban. Analysis of Major Environmental Impact Categories of Road Construction Materials. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Jun Park; Rakhyun Kim; Seungjun Roh; Hoki Ban. 2020. "Analysis of Major Environmental Impact Categories of Road Construction Materials." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6951.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Various eco-friendly materials are used in the construction industry. South Korea employs the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED), a green building certification system, in which materials account for 11% of the evaluation criteria. However, data for each eco-friendly material are managed individually by different institutions, causing inefficiency, increased costs, and potentially greater environmental impacts associated with material and resource selection. Hence, this study develops a green building materials integrated platform (GIP) that collates information on eco-friendly materials across different industries in South Korea, to support the G-SEED evaluations. Guidelines and standards related to each evaluation item were analyzed and used to compile a green building materials database. The database includes 12,636 data points representing product prices and environmental impact data. This database was used to develop the four-level Excel-based GIP. Case studies were conducted on actual G-SEED buildings to analyze the economic efficiency and environmental performance achieved by using alternative materials to those recommended by the GIP. Case 1 exhibits improvements in economic efficiency and environmental performance of 17% and 10%, respectively, whereas Case 2 exhibits improvements of 8% and 21%, respectively. Thus, both case studies boast superior combinations of green building materials compared to existing alternatives.

ACS Style

Seongjo Wang; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. Development of a Green Building Materials Integrated Platform Based on Materials and Resources in G-SEED in South Korea. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6532 .

AMA Style

Seongjo Wang, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. Development of a Green Building Materials Integrated Platform Based on Materials and Resources in G-SEED in South Korea. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (23):6532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seongjo Wang; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2019. "Development of a Green Building Materials Integrated Platform Based on Materials and Resources in G-SEED in South Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 23: 6532.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2019 in Sustainability
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South Korea must submit its targets for greenhouse gas reduction by 2030 to comply with the Paris Agreement. While South Korea’s government has announced a roadmap for achieving greenhouse gas reduction targets by 2030, issues are present regarding the methodology used to set reduction targets, select the reduction method, and estimate the potential emissions reduction in the building sector. Accordingly, the present study identified the limitations based on an analysis of the roadmap and suggested an improvement plan for each limitation. To improve the roadmap, the methodology used to set emissions targets was changed from business-as-usual (BAU) to the absolute emissions method, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were applied to estimate greenhouse gas emissions, and methodology for determining emissions targets by year was proposed. The reduction method has been proposed abstractly, and five methods have been suggested: Energy consumption by building age and establishment of gross floor area for cooling/heating, supply status for each type of lighting, estimation of reduction amount through supply of LED lighting, reduction amount estimation by analyzing current supply status data for home appliances and office equipment, proposal of methodology for improvement of duplicate estimation for building energy maintenance systems (BEMS), and estimation of reduction potential by applying efficiency improvement in power generating equipment.

ACS Style

Sungkyun Ha; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. A Study on the Limitations of South Korea’s National Roadmap for Greenhouse Gas Reduction by 2030 and Suggestions for Improvement. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3969 .

AMA Style

Sungkyun Ha, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. A Study on the Limitations of South Korea’s National Roadmap for Greenhouse Gas Reduction by 2030 and Suggestions for Improvement. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (14):3969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sungkyun Ha; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2019. "A Study on the Limitations of South Korea’s National Roadmap for Greenhouse Gas Reduction by 2030 and Suggestions for Improvement." Sustainability 11, no. 14: 3969.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Energies
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With the Paris Agreement entering into full force, South Korea must submit its target greenhouse gas emissions for commercial buildings by 2030 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. To determine this target, the annual energy demands must be forecasted through appropriate models; the development of these models is the focus of our study. We developed a system to calculate energy demand forecasts by searching for suitable methods. We built distinct energy forecast models for petroleum, city gas, electricity, heat, and renewable energies. The results show that the most appropriate variable for the petroleum energy model is energy trend. Moreover, the annual increase rate of petroleum energy demand from 2019 to 2030 was forecasted to be −1.7%. The appropriate variable for city gas energy model was the floor area of commercial buildings, which was forecasted to increase at an annual average growth rate of 0.4% from 2019 to 2030. According to the forecast results of energy demand from 2019 to 2030, the annual average growth rates of electricity, heat, and renewable energy demands were 2.1%, −0.2%, and 1.3%, respectively.

ACS Style

Sungkyun Ha; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. Energy Demand Forecast Models for Commercial Buildings in South Korea. Energies 2019, 12, 2313 .

AMA Style

Sungkyun Ha, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. Energy Demand Forecast Models for Commercial Buildings in South Korea. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sungkyun Ha; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2019. "Energy Demand Forecast Models for Commercial Buildings in South Korea." Energies 12, no. 12: 2313.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2019 in Applied Sciences
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This study assessed the influence of matter discharged during the production (dry/wet) of recycled aggregate on global warming potential (GWP) and acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), biotic resource depletion potential (ADP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) using the ISO 14044 (LCA) standard. The LCIA of dry recycled aggregate was 2.94 × 10−2 kg-CO2eq/kg, 2.93 × 10−5 kg-SO2eq/kg, 5.44 × 10−6 kg-PO43eq/kg, 4.70 × 10−10 kg-CFC11eq/kg, 1.25 × 10−5 kg-C2H4eq/kg, and 1.60 × 10−5 kg-Antimonyeq/kg, respectively. The environmental impact of recycled aggregate (wet) was up to 16~40% higher compared with recycled aggregate (dry); the amount of energy used by impact crushers while producing wet recycled aggregate was the main cause for this result. The environmental impact of using recycled aggregate was found to be up to twice as high as that of using natural aggregate, largely due to the greater simplicity of production of natural aggregate requiring less energy. However, ADP was approximately 20 times higher in the use of natural aggregate because doing so depletes natural resources, whereas recycled aggregate is recycled from existing construction waste. Among the life cycle impacts assessment of recycled aggregate, GWP was lower than for artificial light-weight aggregate but greater than for slag aggregate.

ACS Style

Won-Jun Park; TaeHyoung Kim; Seungjun Roh; Rakhyun Kim. Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1021 .

AMA Style

Won-Jun Park, TaeHyoung Kim, Seungjun Roh, Rakhyun Kim. Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (5):1021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Jun Park; TaeHyoung Kim; Seungjun Roh; Rakhyun Kim. 2019. "Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5: 1021.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2019 in Sustainability
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This study employs probabilistic analysis to evaluate the life cycle embodied environmental cost of Korean apartment buildings, with a focus on six major construction materials. To this end, the bill of materials was analyzed for 443 Korean apartment buildings according to the type and plan form, and probability density functions (PDFs) were established for the input quantities of the six materials under consideration. Life cycle scenarios were then examined for each material, and their respective life cycle embodied environmental cost factors were established, using a monetary valuation-based damage cost life cycle analysis model. The estimated environmental costs were evaluated by apartment structural type and plan form, based on probability distributions using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Building life cycle embodied environmental cost was estimated between 16.87 USD/m2 and 23.03 USD/m2 (90% confidence interval). Among the structure types analyzed, the highest costs were associated with the wall structure, followed by rigid frame and flat plate structures; at the plan form level, costs followed the sequence plate-type > mixed-type > tower type for a given type of structure.

ACS Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim; Suroh Park. Probabilistic Analysis of Major Construction Materials in the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Cost of Korean Apartment Buildings. Sustainability 2019, 11, 846 .

AMA Style

Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim, Suroh Park. Probabilistic Analysis of Major Construction Materials in the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Cost of Korean Apartment Buildings. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim; Suroh Park. 2019. "Probabilistic Analysis of Major Construction Materials in the Life Cycle Embodied Environmental Cost of Korean Apartment Buildings." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 846.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2018 in Sustainability
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The cement industry endeavors to reduce CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing by utilizing industrial by-products as alternative fuels and developing secondary concrete products from construction wastes. With these efforts, the cement industry is attempting to become more eco-friendly and reduce environmental load. This study analyzed the possibility of using inorganic construction wastes to produce environmentally friendly recycled cement using the process of proportioning. To this end, the types and production trends of recyclable construction wastes and previous studies on the development of recycled cement using such construction wastes were analyzed. Based on this analysis, recyclable inorganic construction wastes were selected, and real waste was collected. The chemical composition of each inorganic construction waste was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence, and the composition of ordinary commercial cement was used as the baseline. After the collected inorganic construction wastes were mixed, they were fired using the Bogue formula. The mineral components of clinker, which was generated from the firing process, were predicted and analyzed. Waste gypsum board and ceiling materials were shown to contain large amounts of CaO, which could substitute limestone—a key component of cement. These results suggested that if the limestone content was greater than 85 wt %, mixing inorganic construction wastes in appropriate proportions could be used to develop various types of Portland cement.

ACS Style

Jihoon Kim; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. Theoretical Study on the Production of Environment-Friendly Recycled Cement Using Inorganic Construction Wastes as Secondary Materials in South Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4449 .

AMA Style

Jihoon Kim, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. Theoretical Study on the Production of Environment-Friendly Recycled Cement Using Inorganic Construction Wastes as Secondary Materials in South Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4449.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jihoon Kim; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2018. "Theoretical Study on the Production of Environment-Friendly Recycled Cement Using Inorganic Construction Wastes as Secondary Materials in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4449.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2018 in Sustainability
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As sustainable development has emerged as a priority on the international agenda, increasing emphasis has been placed on “Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA),” wherein environmental, economic, and social performance are comprehensively integrated. This study, as part of an LCSA approach, uses Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) to analyze the worker category social impact for concrete plants in South Korea. For the analysis, three types of concrete plant with different operating systems were selected and evaluated: Direct operation, operated by dedicated concrete manufacturers, and operated by cement suppliers. Eleven major social topics, which were mentioned in the international standards and international institutes, were selected as the subjects of evaluation; the social impacts were evaluated by applying the evaluative criteria for social topics presented in the Handbook for Product Social Life Cycle Assessment of PRé Sustainability. We determined that the highest social impact was found in concrete plants operated by cement suppliers (0.77), followed by plants operated by dedicated concrete manufacturers (0.50), and finally by plants with direct operations (0.09). These results can be applied by concrete plants to improve worker category areas in which they are lacking and by future researchers to evaluate the sustainable development of a variety of industries.

ACS Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim; Daniela M. Martínez. Analysis of Worker Category Social Impacts in Different Types of Concrete Plant Operations: A Case Study in South Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3661 .

AMA Style

Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim, Daniela M. Martínez. Analysis of Worker Category Social Impacts in Different Types of Concrete Plant Operations: A Case Study in South Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3661.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim; Daniela M. Martínez. 2018. "Analysis of Worker Category Social Impacts in Different Types of Concrete Plant Operations: A Case Study in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3661.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2018 in Sustainability
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The building industry is currently strengthening the building life cycle assessment (LCA) criteria of the green building certification system to encourage carbon emission reduction. However, the voluntary approach of the LCA criteria does not provide sufficient incentive to effectively drive green building construction. Furthermore, additional costs associated with green building construction are not given enough weightage, thus hampering the incorporation of green building technologies. This study developed a Green Building Index (GBI) Certification System to effectively reduce carbon emissions in South Korea’s building industry. Consequently, the assessment areas for green buildings were divided into a carbon emission index, a building habitability index, and a carbon economic index, and assessment methods were suggested for each area. In addition, eco-efficiency, which represents an environmental value, was incorporated into the three indices from the perspective of green building certification and used to estimate a GBI that represents overall building sustainability. This GBI was then integrated into an overall GBI Certification System, and a case study was used to evaluate its applicability. The results indicate the validity of the proposed GBI Certification System, which promotes voluntary carbon emission reduction by evaluating cost effectiveness based on life cycle carbon emissions and carbon economic efficiency.

ACS Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. Developing a Green Building Index (GBI) Certification System to Effectively Reduce Carbon Emissions in South Korea’s Building Industry. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1872 .

AMA Style

Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. Developing a Green Building Index (GBI) Certification System to Effectively Reduce Carbon Emissions in South Korea’s Building Industry. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1872.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2018. "Developing a Green Building Index (GBI) Certification System to Effectively Reduce Carbon Emissions in South Korea’s Building Industry." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1872.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2018 in Sustainability
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In the building construction industry, simultaneous and integrated evaluation of a building’s environmental and economic performance in the early planning stage greatly facilitates stakeholders’ decision-making for sustainable building construction. This study aimed to develop a streamlined Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) model for buildings, applicable to the early planning stage of construction projects. To this end, we selected three of the private cost-related life cycle cost categories that are determinants of stakeholders’ decision-making in the early planning stage of construction and extracted 10 major building materials that account for over 95% of the total direct construction cost. Then, we developed a streamlined ELCC model for buildings by combining the monetary value-based life cycle analysis model, KOLID (Korean Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Based on Damage-Oriented Modeling), and the present worth method. Finally, we conducted a case study to empirically verify the applicability of the proposed model.

ACS Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. Development of a Streamlined Environmental Life Cycle Costing Model for Buildings in South Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1733 .

AMA Style

Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. Development of a Streamlined Environmental Life Cycle Costing Model for Buildings in South Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2018. "Development of a Streamlined Environmental Life Cycle Costing Model for Buildings in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1733.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2018 in Sustainability
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Because the reduction in environmental impacts (EIs) of buildings using life-cycle assessment (LCA) has been emphasized as a practical strategy for the sustainable development of the construction industry, studies are required to analyze not only the operational environmental impacts (OEIs) of buildings, but also the embodied environmental impacts (EEIs) of building materials. This study aims to analyze the EEIs of Korean apartment buildings on the basis of major building materials as part of research with the goal of reducing the EIs of buildings. For this purpose, six types of building materials (ready-mixed concrete, reinforcement steel, concrete bricks, glass, insulation, and gypsum) for apartment buildings were selected as major building materials, and their inputs per unit area according to the structure types and plans of apartment buildings were derived by analyzing the design and bills of materials of 443 apartment buildings constructed in South Korea. In addition, a life-cycle scenario including the production, construction, maintenance, and end-of-life stage was constructed for each major building material. The EEIs of the apartment buildings were quantitatively assessed by applying the life-cycle inventory database (LCI DB) and the Korean life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method based on damage-oriented modeling (KOLID), and the results were analyzed.

ACS Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. Analysis of Embodied Environmental Impacts of Korean Apartment Buildings Considering Major Building Materials. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1693 .

AMA Style

Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. Analysis of Embodied Environmental Impacts of Korean Apartment Buildings Considering Major Building Materials. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1693.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungjun Roh; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2018. "Analysis of Embodied Environmental Impacts of Korean Apartment Buildings Considering Major Building Materials." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1693.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2018 in Sustainability
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Recent research in the construction industry has focused on the reduction of CO2 emission using quantitative assessment of building life. However, most of this research has focused on the operational stage of a building’s life cycle. Few comprehensive studies of CO2 emissions during building construction have been performed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the CO2 emissions of an apartment housing during the construction process. The quantity of CO2 emissions associated with the utilization of selected building materials and construction equipment were used to estimate the CO2 emissions related to the apartment housing life cycle. In order to set the system boundary for the construction materials, equipment, and transportation used, 13 types of construction work were identified; then the CO2 emissions produced by the identified materials were calculated for each type of construction work. The comprehensive results showed that construction work involving reinforced concrete accounted for more than 73% of the total CO2 emissions. The CO2 emissions related to reinforced concrete work was mainly due to transportation from the supplier to the construction site. Therefore, at the time that reinforced concrete is being supplied, shipping distance and fuel economy management of concrete transportation vehicles should be considered thoroughly for significant reduction of CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Jonggeon Lee; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. A Study on the Analysis of CO2 Emissions of Apartment Housing in the Construction Process. Sustainability 2018, 10, 365 .

AMA Style

Jonggeon Lee, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim. A Study on the Analysis of CO2 Emissions of Apartment Housing in the Construction Process. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonggeon Lee; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim. 2018. "A Study on the Analysis of CO2 Emissions of Apartment Housing in the Construction Process." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 365.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2016 in Sustainability
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The block type and structural systems in buildings affect the amount of building materials required as well as the CO2 emissions that occur throughout the building life cycle (LCCO2). The purpose of this study was to assess the life cycle CO2 emissions when an apartment housing with ‘flat-type’ blocks (the reference case) was replaced with more sustainable ‘T-type’ blocks with fewer CO2 emissions (the alternative case) maintaining the same total floor area. The quantity of building materials used and building energy simulations were analyzed for each block type using building information modeling techniques, and improvements in LCCO2 emission were calculated by considering high-strength concrete alternatives. By changing the bearing wall system of the ‘flat-type’ block to the ‘column and beam’ system of the ‘T-type’ block, LCCO2 emissions of the alternative case were 4299 kg-CO2/m2, of which 26% was at the construction stage, 73% was as the operational stage and 1% was at the dismantling and disposal stage. These total LCCO2 emissions were 30% less than the reference case.

ACS Style

Cheonghoon Baek; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim; Sungwoo Shin. Life Cycle CO2 Assessment by Block Type Changes of Apartment Housing. Sustainability 2016, 8, 752 .

AMA Style

Cheonghoon Baek, Sungho Tae, Rakhyun Kim, Sungwoo Shin. Life Cycle CO2 Assessment by Block Type Changes of Apartment Housing. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (8):752.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheonghoon Baek; Sungho Tae; Rakhyun Kim; Sungwoo Shin. 2016. "Life Cycle CO2 Assessment by Block Type Changes of Apartment Housing." Sustainability 8, no. 8: 752.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Advanced Materials Research
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With the purpose of proposing a construction waste forecasting method specialized for construction phase, this study suggested a forecasting method based on material loss rate to forecase construction wastes with diverse properties. Loss rate of 124 construction materials found in South Korea and Japan was provided. Also to review applicability of construction waste forecasting method using material loss rate, the amount of construction waste found using existing construction waste forecasting method and forecasing method proposed in this study was comparatively analyzed on apartment houses.

ACS Style

Rak Hyun Kim; Sung Ho Tae. A Study on the Construction Waste Forecasting Method Considering Material Loss Rate in South Korea. Advanced Materials Research 2014, 905, 187 -190.

AMA Style

Rak Hyun Kim, Sung Ho Tae. A Study on the Construction Waste Forecasting Method Considering Material Loss Rate in South Korea. Advanced Materials Research. 2014; 905 ():187-190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rak Hyun Kim; Sung Ho Tae. 2014. "A Study on the Construction Waste Forecasting Method Considering Material Loss Rate in South Korea." Advanced Materials Research 905, no. : 187-190.